ABSTRACT
Gravity is an inter-body force – not confined to one
particle or body, whereas the others are intra-body forces - confined to (strong,
weak) or arising out of (electromagnetic, disintegration) one particle or body.
Can they be united in one theory? Yes – because whole is a sum of its parts and
more. Why cannot we produce and control gravity? Because it is the mother of
all forces including those we can ever use. Just like space and time in their
universal manifestation appear as spacetime that forms the background where all
objects are found and all events take place, and in their confined or digitized
manifestation appear as the interval between objects and events, the same
single force in its universal manifestation appears as Gravity and in its
confined or digitized manifestation, resolves into the other fundamental
interactions of Nature through compression, refraction, rarefaction and
diffraction. Just like the same electricity appears as light, defused air, cool
air, or makes ice based on the nature of the gadget used, the same Gravity in different
non-linear combinations with mass, produces infinite varieties.
………..
Space
and time are mental constructs that are perceived as our concepts of sequence and
interval. The ordered sequence of intervals between objects are space and those
of events are time. Since the intervals have no markers to describe them, we
use alternative symbolism of the boundary objects and events to describe
digital versions of analog space and time. We measure these by choosing an easily
intelligible and fairly repetitive interval as the unit and compare the given
interval with it, by scaling up or down. There is no natural or absolute unit
for measurement of infinite space and time. The given interval can return
different results depending upon the nature of the unit.
Energy
is the great unknown quantity, whose existence is perceived and measured during
its state of change. Mass, charge, etc., are properties observed by others, during
instantaneous transfer of energy. Like space and time, energy also is a mental
construct that cannot be perceived directly, but is observed through its effect
on mass. There are two static states before and after the state of change. The
former is the conserved or the potential state, which is the force (cause for
action). The latter is the effect measured as work. The intermediate perpetually
transient state is motion, which leads to continued displacement due to inertia
– thus, linking everything to time evolution. This perpetually transient –
hence spinning - state is Gravity, which appears as different forces based on
its linear or non-linear effect on mass. We measure motion or energy,
indirectly from effects like relative displacement or scattering angles by
using arbitrarily chosen units with similar properties. Charge is the
interactive potential of a body. If the motion is directed away from a central
position, it is positive charge. In the opposite case, it is negative charge,
even though the displacement or scattering angles may be equal. Mass is the
impact it creates. When energy generates motion, we feel the impact as mass.
QED is said to be a renormalized
theory as a consequence of spontaneous symmetry breaking. But if something
breaks spontaneously, it cannot be symmetric! There is nothing as bare charge
or bare mass. In some versions of QFT, the bare mass of some particles may be ±
infinity, which is meaningless, as infinity is not a big number, but something
that cannot be measured. In the theory of the electroweak interaction using the
Higgs boson, all particles have a bare mass of zero. This is written as:
m = m0 ± δm,
where m denotes the experimentally observable mass of the
particle, m0 its bare mass (?), and δm the increase in mass owing
to the interaction of the particle with the medium or field. The rate of
spontaneous emission of an atom or a molecule can change depending on the
electromagnetic modes of the environment in which the particle is placed. Like “Purcell
effect”, it should affect nuclear transitions also. The density of the medium
affects mass (a stone appears lighter under water, but heavier at high
altitudes). The same mass causes different effects based on the energy that
propels it. Thus, δm is really not mass, but energy that increases the
effect of impact when it interacts with
another body. In QED radiative corrections to the electron propagator
exist, no matter how far it is from other particles.
The statement: “the coupling terms
in the Equation of motion (of an interacting theory) vanishes smoothly as t → ±
∞ implies that at asymptotic times there is no interaction and asymptotic
states are free-states. If the interaction vanishes, the bare mass m0
change to renormalized or physical mass. But the asymptotic free-states must
have physical mass m. Then, how will m0 be driven to m without
interaction at t → ± ∞? The theory does not tend to become free - only the
on-shell particles become non-interacting with each other because of the large
distance between them.
Rest is a state where all forces
acting on a body cancel each other. Removal of one force by an observer
resolves “rest” into two equal and opposite forces being released. In the
primordial universe, where force flowed freely in the primordial background,
there were infinite numbers of such points of rest, which floated like bubbles
in the background structure. Sometimes the accumulations grew by obstructing
other free flowing forces. This can be imagined as similar to quark gluon
plasma. They were the first “particles”. Their flow depended only on the
density fluctuation of the field or the background structure. That determined
the “geometry of space” and is known as Gravity. Gravity does not pull. Like
electromagnetism tries to bring the charges of two bodies to equilibrium (as in
atoms), gravity tries to bring the two bodies to equilibrium around a common
barycenter. Since it is related to mass, it also is affected by the density of
the medium. Hence, the value of the gravitational constant is NOT uniform or
constant throughout the universe.
The scales of Nature are of two
types: discreet and continuous. All confined objects, their properties and
their interactions are discreet. When a confined object interacts with another,
it creates a type of impression on the other. We call it mass. Mass is directly
related to the density of the medium, but weight is not affected by gravity. A
stone weighing 1 kg will not weigh about 250 gm on Moon, as is wrongly taught
in text books. For weighing, we require a standard unit. The unit weight taken
to Moon will also be equally affected as the stone to give the same reading: 1
kg. If we use a different unit weight on Moon, the other units has to be transformed
by relative G, which will return the same reading. There is no proof to support
that gravity affects weight.
An
apple falls to the ground not because gravity pulls it. It remains attached to
the stem defying gravity. The mass of the apple increases with time to attain a
maximum value. It falls because the capacity of its stem to hold it tightly
gets reduced as the fruit ripens. It changes the equilibrium between the stem
and the fruit, as the barycenter of the stem-fruit system is nearer to the center
of the fruit than that of the stem. The fruit moves towards the Earth with the
bigger mass than the stem because the density of the medium below is rarer. The
apple attains equilibrium on reaching earth. The force that brings the masses
together is the macro equivalent of the strong force. Spacetime curvature is
myth, as it does not affect the branch underneath or a bird flying by or a man
sitting under the falling apple. Gerber’s solution to Mercury’s perihelion,
which was plagiarized by Einstein did not require GR. A recent report (Phys.
Rev. Lett. 120, 031103 – Published 17 January 2018) on linear scalar
perturbations of black holes shows that strong cosmic censorship conjecture of
GR is violated in the near extremal regime. Information paradox puts a question
mark on GR.
A proton carrying positive charge
is always at the nucleus. An electron that confines the positive charge is
always in one of the orbitals. The alpha decay always involves changes in the
proton number – inside the nucleus. A beta decay always involves changes in the
electron number, as a consequence of adjustments in the nucleus.
All
interactions – resolution of equilibrium into a couple of opposite charge
variants of gravity - involve two particles, each of which can show positive
(distancing from center) or negative (proximity towards center) tendencies (charges)
that are variables according to the field strength. In strong interactions,
both show confined proximity-proximity tendencies. Strong interaction is
characterized by exclusive, but perpetually transient position (close coupling)
due to compression. The weak interaction is a perpetually proximity-distance interaction
that is characterized by harmonious refraction (loose coupling without breaking
the confinement) between the constituents. It is essentially as strong as the
electromagnetic force, but it appears weak because its influence is limited by
the energy of the Z and W bosons. The energy density limits the range of the
weak force to about 10-18 meters, and it vanishes altogether beyond
the radius of a single proton.
Their macro (outside confinement) equivalents
with non-linear characteristics are electromagnetic interaction (distance-proximity
interaction leading to equilibrium where density of the medium plays a role in
fixing orbitals through rarefaction) and alpha decay (distance-distance
interaction - disharmonious interaction leading to exclusion from the main body
through diffraction). If the more massive body shows distance, while the other,
proximity variable tendencies, the force is called electromagnetic interaction,
which is characterized by the tendency of rarefaction of the field to attain
equilibrium. But if both components are dominated by positive charge
(distance-distance variables), then it leads to alpha decay due to diffraction,
which is the symmetric fifth force of Nature.
Gravity
is the mother of all interactions that leads, in different combinations, to
infinite varieties.
…………………………….
REFERENCE: GENESIS OF FUNDAMENTAL CHARGE INTERACTIONS,
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