NATURE OF SPACE, TIME AND COORDINATES

Space (आकाश or व्यापक), time (काल), coordinate axes (दिक्) etc., have no independent meaning unless they are cognized as such by an observer. Both space and time arise from our concept of sequence and interval (परत्व – अपरत्व - कणाद). When the intervals are related to ordered sequence of objects, we call the intervals as space. For ordered sequence of events, i.e., changes (रजसा उद्घाटितम् - which you call motion) we call these as time (कालात् क्रिया विभज्यन्ते आकाशात् सर्वमूर्तयः). Since the intervals have no markers, they are described through alternative symbolism (विकल्पन) of the boundary objects and events respectively. Since measurement is a system of comparison between similars, we use easily intelligible and fairly repetitive intervals between objects and events and suitably subdivide or multiply to arrive at the units for measuring space and time respectively. The fundamental differences between space and time are listed below:
1. Space describes the order of arrangement of substances, i.e., farness and nearness (दुरान्तिक), whereas time describes the order of arrangement of events, i.e., antecedence and subsequence (पौर्वापौर्य), which are the order of changes in substances.
2. Space describes the placement of substances whereas time describes displacement of substances i.e., events that change the substances.
3. It is possible to move from point A to point B and back to point A in space. However, it is not possible to move from present to past or future in time and back to present.
4. Space describes the three dimensions that measure the spread of a substance in specific directions. Time does not measure the spread of substance, but describes the changes only in it.
5. Space is perceived only through the effect of forces such as gravity that orders the arrangement of substances in it. Time is perceived in three different ways (त्र्यध्वाकाल) as past-present-future through the various chains of causes and effects. For any action, present is when an action sequence is operating (स्वव्यापारारुढ). Past is when an action sequence is not in existence, but its effects from which the occurrence of such action can be inferred (अनुभूतिव्यञ्जक), are in existence. Future is when an action sequence is not in existence, but the causes from which the occurrence of such action can be predicted, are in existence (भवितव्यव्यञ्जक).
6. Space is inert but can be perceived to acquire other properties one at a moment. Time is never changing but ever-flowing. These will be explained later.
7. Space is a physical reality, whereas time is an intellectual construction (बुद्धिनिर्माण).
8. Space is one of the necessary conditions of generation of sound and any disturbance of space generates sound. Time has no role in generation of sound, even though, like everything else, sound could be generated in time only. In fact, time is the measure of the process of creation whereas space is a derivative in the process of creation that is cognized in time.

Coordinate axes (दिक्) comes from a different consideration. It was known from the earlier days that position of an object in space can only be defined relative to some other object. In was usually done through the various co-ordinate systems centered on an arbitrarily fixed point called the origin. Since the measurement started from this point, the origin came to be associated with the “observer”. Thus, all spatial specifications - such as “right-left”, “up-down”, and “forward-backward” became related to the “observer”. This made the spatial positions dependent on the observer. To describe one specific position, it has to be described in a relative way, i.e., describe the same position using two sets of co-ordinates with two points of origin and relate them as they describe the same common position. The classical concept of absolute space was seen as containing a definite configuration of matter at every instant. This concept was not valid as configuration implies a fixed structure, but no structure is fixed at the subatomic scale and all structures are evolving with time continuously – whether they are perceptible to some or not (दिक् साधनं क्रिया कालः सर्वे वस्त्वाभिधायिनः । शक्तिरूपे पदार्थानामत्यन्तअनवस्थिताः).

Difference in sequence is the cause for the difference in effect (क्रमान्वयित्वं परिणामान्वयित्वे हेतुः). Let us consider the state of the tiniest elementary particle. It is always mobile and never at rest. Thus, the interval between its position at any time t and when it completely leaves that position and moves to the next position – t’, must be the tiniest interval or time – the instant (क्षण). Depending upon the energy of the particle, the instant (क्षण) could vary, which is the real cause for time dilation (and not as explained in Relativity – the time dilation observed in GPS is due to refraction caused by density variation in the atmosphere). The elementary particle is ever mobile. This leads to a continuous pattern of instants. This continuous pattern is known as “the sequence” (क्रम). Sequence is not universal, but specific (यो यस्य धर्मस्य समानान्तरो धर्मः स तस्य क्रमः) the characteristic that evolve at equal interval after a specific characteristic is called its sequence. The sequence can be of three types: sequence of structural composition (धर्मपरिणाम) that can spread out into space, sequence of interaction (लक्षणपरिणाम), and sequence of state (अवस्थापरिणाम). Time is related to the sequence of state. There cannot be a past sequence as the condition of evolution at equal interval (समानान्तरो धर्मः) cannot be satisfied in past cases – we can jump from one past event to another violating the sequence. Thus, sequence is related only to present and future actions.

Position or sequentially differentiated spatial co-ordinates (दिक् - इत इदमिति यतस्तद्दिशो लिङ्गम्) can be defined as the cause for the perception of the following aspects of objects:

1. The space or the interval between two objects may not describe the true position of an object as there can be innumerable ways of arranging two objects with a fixed interval. Hence a proper co-coordinated system is needed for describing the true position of an object at a given interval from another object. That, which is the cause for the perception of such co-coordinated system is called position or sequentially differentiated spatial co-ordinates (व्यतिरेकस्य यो हेतुरवधिप्रतिपाद्ययोः सा दिक्).
2. The spatial interval between two objects may not be their true interval. For example, the spatial difference between two points on the surface of a circle is not the actual distance between them. This can only be determined only after the surface connecting the two points are described geometrically. This needs a geometrical system to describe the true position of an object at a given interval from another object. That, which is the cause for the perception of such geometrical system is called co-ordinates (ऋज्वित्वेवं यतोऽन्येन विना बुद्धिः प्रवर्तते सा दिक्).
3. The different forces move the objects differently. However, there are certain fundamental characteristics associated with the four fundamental forces of Nature and space. For example, the strong force always contracts, the weak force always limits or consolidates towards a central point, the electromagnetic force always disperses away from the greater concentration, the gravitational force disperses in directions determined by the masses of bodies, and the space permits the bodies to expand. This needs a vector system for describing the position of an object after application of some force. That, which is the cause for the perception of such vector system is called co-ordinates (कर्मणो जातिभेदानामभिन्यक्तियदाश्रया सा स्वैरुपाधिभिर्भिन्ना शक्तिर्दिगिति कथ्यते).

Concept is related to information we have on anything. All information has a source rate (complexity) that can be measured in bits per second (speed) and requires a transmission channel (mode) with a capacity equal to or greater than the source rate (intelligence or memory level). Thus, time measures all changes in the universe. Since measurement is a system of comparison between similars, we use easily intelligible and fairly repetitive intervals between objects and events and suitably subdivide or multiply to arrive at the units for measuring space and time respectively. But the changes could relate to an object itself (complexity) or the background in which the objects are changing (transmission channel or mode). There is a fixed sequence of changes in the objects (complexity), which appears as: the six-faceted time: (कालः षड् भावयोगतः।). These are: from being to becoming to growth to transformation to transmutation to end by changing into other forms to reappear again (जायते, अस्ति, वर्धते, विपरिणमते, अपक्षीयते, विनश्यति). Thus, everything evolves in time (लोकानामन्तकृत्कालः). Since it is related to changes in an object at any position, it is called manifested or gross (स्थूल) or local time (मूर्त कालः). But the background in which such changes take place is also time because it is a continuous chain of events with intervals (कालोऽन्यः कलनात्मकः). Since these changes are not related to the same object, this is called the un-manifest (सूक्ष्म) or universal or proper time (अमूर्त कालः).

For measurement purposes, we take life that has a physical existence and its parts as local or manifest time (प्राणादिः कथितो मूर्तः) and pure universal intervals or durations like second, year or light year as the un-manifest or universal time (त्रुट्याद्योऽमूर्तसंज्ञकः). Life is defined as the uninterrupted flow of energy in a closed system (प्राणधारणं जीवनम्). When the energy is interrupted, the system disintegrates. This gives the concept of half-life to sub-atomic particles. Without time, we cannot describe any object or event. Time evolution and its measurement describes everything including existence itself. In other words, time creates and destroys – measures – everything (कालः सृजति भूतानि कालः संहरति प्रजाः). Hence it is called time (कालः). For time measurement, we take the day or year as the natural unit and subdivide it to arrive at the second. Even in atomic time, we use the cesium-beam frequency standard, where we count the number of oscillations or the microwave spectral line emitted per second by atoms of the metallic element cesium, in particular its isotope of atomic weight 133 ("Cs-133") like the swings of a pendulum in the earlier system and use that as a yardstick or unit to measure small time intervals. But since these are not reliable enough, we take an average reading of at least four atomic clocks (usually much more) to find the same old second. Thus, time is also called motion of object related (वस्तुपतित).
Even the universe appears with time – the big bounce. But the background in which such big-bounce takes place remains unaffected by time evolution. In fact after the big bounce, time as we know it, comes into existence (अक्षरात् सञ्जायते कालः). This event leads to creation of space as we know it (कालात् व्यापक उच्यते). Knowing is a function of consciousness (चैतन्यमात्मा). Consciousness cannot be measured as it has nothing to compare with. The objects of consciousness (I know that “this object” is like “that concept” – hence it is that) are infinite. But consciousness proper – as “I know” - is universal in all perceptions. Hence, it is all pervading (व्यापक). Objects of perception have three aspects: it has a concept described by a sound – word (नाम), an object with physical characteristics (रूप) that interacts with others (कर्म). But perception per se has no markers. Hence it is cognized by alternative symbolism (विकल्पन) of the bounded objects, which are revealed through happiness/sorrow (सुख-दुःख), desire or attachment/repulsion (इच्छा-द्वेष) and efforts using freewill (प्रयत्न) or action (क्रिया) due to inertia.

Number is a characteristic of all substances by which we differentiate between similars (भेदाभेद विभागोहि लोके सङ्ख्या निबन्धन). If there are no similars, it is one. If there are similars, it is many, which can be 2,3,4,….n depending upon the sequential perception of one’s (स धर्मो व्यतिरिक्तो वा तेषामात्मैव सा तथा । भेदहेतुत्वमाश्रित्य सङ्ख्येति व्यपदिश्यते). This implies that number can only be assigned to limited or confined objects that are fully perceptible. Infinity is like one – without similars. But whereas the dimensions (the interface between the internal structural space and external relational space of any object) of one are fully perceptible, the dimensions of infinity are not perceptible. Hence it is not a number and cannot be used in mathematics. Space, time, coordinates and consciousness are the only four infinities.

Without the boundary objects and events, space and time has no meaning. Hence, they are emergent properties and mental constructs (बुद्धिनिर्माण). Since time is an ordered sequence of events, the next event will have an interval before it making it another member of the sequence. Since intervals have no direction, there cannot be negative time or time reversal or time travel.

देवता कौन है ।

पुरुषसूक्तमें आया यज्ञेनयज्ञमयजन्त देवा: का अर्थ के सम्बन्धमें वहुत भ्रान्ति है । वह कौन सा यज्ञ था । देवता कौन हैँ । वे यज्ञ द्वारा कैसे यज्ञ का यजन किया । उसका परिणाम क्या हुआ । इसीमें वहुत सारे वैज्ञानिक तथ्य छिपिहुइ है । यहाँ यज्ञ का अर्थ अग्नि मेँ घृत आहुति नहिँ है । यज् सङ्गतिकरणे से यहाँ यज्ञ का अर्थ अग्नि और सोम का सङ्गतिकरण है जिससे सर्वहुतयज्ञ का विकाश होता है. इसलिये ऐतरेयब्राह्मणम् मेँ कहागया है अग्नि वै देवानामवमो विष्णुपरम । तयोरन्तरेण सर्वादेवताः । अग्नि 8 है । रुद्र 11 है । आदित्य 12 है । अश्वी 2 या इन्द्र और प्रजापति को मिला देने से 33 देवता हो जाते हैँ । इन्हिके विषयमें बृहदारण्यक उपनिषदमें कहा गया है । सर्वहुतयज्ञसे पञ्चीकरण होता है । इसिलिये यज्ञेनयज्ञमयजन्त देवा: कहागया है । पञ्चीकरणसे अणु, रेणु, सूक्ष्म, स्थुल क्रमसे भुतोँका विकाश होता है । यही भुतोँका प्रथम धर्म है । इसिलिये कहागया है कि तानि धर्माणि प्रथमान्यासन् । ते ह नाकं महिमानः सचन्ते में सचन्ते शव्द सच् समवाये अर्थमें व्यवहार कियागया है । सर्वहुतयज्ञमें यह 33 देवता को 33 अहर्गण कहा जाता है । यह 33 अहर्गण में 8 अग्नि और दिक् सोम को मिलाकर 9 को त्रिवृत् कहते हैं, जिसे पृथ्वीलोक भी कहाजाता है । यह विष्णुका प्रथम विक्रम है । विशति प्रविशति अर्थमें सव में प्रविष्ट तत्व को विष्णु कहायाता है। 10 से 15 अन्तरिक्षलोक और विष्णुका द्वितीय विक्रम है । 16 से 21 स्वर्गलोक और विष्णुका तृतीय विक्रम है । इसिलिये विष्णुको त्रिविक्रम कहागया है । यह सवसे छोटा होनेसे वामन कहलाता है । 17अहर्गणको ब्रह्मविष्टप नाचिकेत स्वर्गः कहाजाता है । 18 अहर्गणको ऋतधामा आग्नेयस्वर्गः कहाजाता है । 19अहर्गणको अपरोदकः वायव्यस्वर्गः कहाजाता है । 20 अहर्गणको अपराजित ऐन्द्रस्वर्गः कहाजाता है । 21अहर्गणको विष्णुविष्टप नाकस्वर्गः कहाजाता है । इसे ऐन्द्रः ऐन्द्राग्नी स्वर्गः भी कहते हैं । 22अहर्गणको अधिद्यौ वारुणस्वर्गः कहाजाता है । 23अहर्गणको प्रद्यौः मुच्युस्वर्गः कहाजाता है । 24अहर्गणको रोचन ब्राह्मस्वर्गः कहाजाता है । 25अहर्गणको इन्द्रविष्टप प्रत्यस्वर्गः कहाजाता है । यही सूर्यबेधी कहलाता है । 18 से 24 तक सप्त वै देवस्वर्गाः । 25अहर्गणतकको 3 वार चयन करनेसे न स पुनरावर्तते - न स पुनरावर्तते । 21वाँ अग्नि सौरविद्युत कहलाता है । 25 वाँ अग्नि सौम्यविद्युत कहलाता है। उसके उपर 33 तक सोम है । इसिसे सूर्यमण्डलका वैज्ञानिक विश्लेषण किया जा सकता है । प्रजापति वै सप्तदश में 17अहर्गणका हि निर्देश है । यह युप भी कहलाता है । इसीसे मैने Nuclear Physics in the Vedas नामक निबन्ध लिखा था ।

TYPES OF AGNI IN VEDAS

A friend asked that he has heard of three names of Agni and wanted to know the 8 names. I had named the 8 Agni and explained them with modern science in this forum a few days ego, which is recirculated here. Vedas should not be taken literally. What you say about Agni is true in a different context. These three are: आहवनीय, गार्हपत्य दक्षिणाग्नि - three types of Agni used in यज्ञ. Based on their placement, Yaska in his Nirukta also classifies them into three categories. This is sometimes described as three faces of Agni. But this cannot be true, as Agni is known to have 7 tongues namely: काली, कराली, मनोजवा, सुलोहिता, सुधूम्रवर्णा, स्फुलिङ्गिनी, विश्वरूची, and देवी लेलायमाना ।. Three faces cannot have 7 tongues - सप्तजिह्वा. Thus, these are aspects and not faces. कोटि does not mean 10 million, but class or group here. Hence the number of देवाः is only 33 types. I will discuss these separately. Regarding the eight names of Agni, तैत्तिरीय आरण्यकम् says: अग्निश्च जातवेदाश्च । सहोजा अजिराप्रभुः । वैश्वानरो नर्यापाश्च । पङ्क्तिराधाश्च सप्तमः । विसर्पेवाऽष्टमोऽग्निनाम् । एतेऽष्टौ वसवः क्षिता इति । We must remember that Vedas have three different aspects and their interpretations: mass interpretation (अधिभूत), energy interpretation (अधिदैव) and Conscious interpretation (आध्यात्म). Our body is the mass part. Longevity is dependent on the flow of energy in the body. Our actions and freewill are regulated by our Consciousness. The same is true for even atoms to the universe (यत् पिण्डे तत् ब्रह्माण्ढे). Here the 8 Agni refers to the eight GLUONS of Standard Model of Particle Physics, that holds the quarks together (अग्निचयन) in a process known as confinement (अन्तर्याम सम्बन्ध) to create protons and neutrons that constitute atoms - hence everything in the universe (वसवः क्षिता). Hence they have been called वसु, because, as बृहदारण्यक उपनिषद defines them: वसयति इति वसवः - they are called वसु because they constitute everything in the universe.

NATURE IS OUR TEACHER.

Guru Dattatreya is considered as the greatest teacher ever. Once when a King asked him who his teacher was, he replied he had 24 teachers. When asked to elaborate, he told 24 anecdotes about how and what he learnt from each of his teachers. Here is a brief about his teachers, who are aspects of NATURE.

1. Be tolerant – like the Earth. 
2. Be clear and cool – like water.
3. Keep nothing for the morrow – finish everything now - like fire.
4. Always be on the move – progress towards your goal - like air.
5. Be detached – like the sky.
6. Remain in one condition through cycles of happiness and misery – like the Moon.
7. Give out to others – like the Sun radiates.
8. Do not be attached – like the pigeons.
9. Do not be too much bothered about food – like the python.
10. Avoid changes in temperament – do not transgress your limits - like the sea.
11. Do not be enticed by attraction of beauty – like the fire-fly.
12. Gather a little from each place – like the butterfly.
13. Do not go for collection and storage without utilization – like the bees.
14. Do not ignore the pitfalls of sexual attraction – like the elephant.
15. Do not be swept off by any attraction – like the stag for his horns.
16. Do not be entrapped by tasty food – like the fish.
17. Benefit from dejection – like the prostitute who changed her life.
18. Shun worldly goods – like the kuru bird.
19. Be satisfied with what you get while hungry – like a child.
20. Be alone – like a maiden’s single bangle.
21. Do not be attached permanently to a house of your own – like the snake.
22. Cultivate the powers of concentration – like the artisan, who did not notice an Army passing by.
23. Do not be over ambitious – like the spider.
24. Share with others – like the Bhringi bird.

ON HEISENBERG & UNCERTAINTY BASED ON GITA

The famous Gita dictum: कर्मण्येवाधिकारस्ते मा फलेषु कदाचन  explains uncertainty scientifically in a much better way. 

When Heisenberg proposed his conjecture in 1927, Earle Kennard independently derived a different formulation, which was later generalized by Howard Robertson as: σ(q)σ(p) ≥ h/4π. This inequality says that one cannot suppress quantum fluctuations of both position σ(q) and momentum σ(p) lower than a certain limit simultaneously. The fluctuation exists regardless of whether it is measured or not implying the existence of a universal field. The inequality does not say anything about what happens when a measurement is performed. Kennard’s formulation is therefore totally different from Heisenberg’s. However, because of the similarities in format and terminology of the two inequalities, most physicists have assumed that both formulations describe virtually the same phenomenon. Modern physicists actually use Kennard’s formulation in everyday research but mistakenly call it Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. “Spontaneous” creation and annihilation of virtual particles in vacuum is possible only in Kennard’s formulation and not in Heisenberg’s formulation, as otherwise it would violate conservation laws. If it were violated experimentally, the whole of quantum mechanics would break down.

The uncertainty relation of Heisenberg was reformulated in terms of standard deviations, where the focus was exclusively on the indeterminacy of predictions, whereas the unavoidable disturbance in measurement process had been ignored. A correct formulation of the error–disturbance uncertainty relation, taking the perturbation into account, was essential for a deeper understanding of the uncertainty principle. In 2003 Masanao Ozawa developed the following formulation of the error and disturbance as well as fluctuations by directly measuring errors and disturbances in the observation of spin components: ε(q)η(p) + σ(q)η(p) + σ(p)ε(q) ≥ h/4π.

Ozawa’s inequality suggests that suppression of fluctuations is not the only way to reduce error, but it can be achieved by allowing a system to have larger fluctuations. Nature Physics (2012) (doi:10.1038/nphys2194) describes a neutron-optical experiment that records the error of a spin-component measurement as well as the disturbance caused on another spin-component. The results confirm that both error and disturbance obey the new relation but violate the old one in a wide range of experimental parameters. Even when either the source of error or disturbance is held to nearly zero, the other remains finite. Our description of uncertainty follows this revised formulation.

While the particles and bodies are constantly changing their alignment within their confinement, these are not always externally apparent. Various circulatory systems work within our body that affects its internal dynamics polarizing it differently at different times which become apparent only during our interaction with other bodies. Similarly, the interactions of subatomic particles are not always apparent. The elementary particles have intrinsic spin and angular momentum which continually change their state internally. The time evolution of all systems takes place in a continuous chain of discreet steps. Each particle/body acts as one indivisible dimensional system. This is a universal phenomenon that creates the uncertainty because the internal dynamics of the fields that create the perturbations are not always known to us. We may quote an example.

Imagine an observer and a system to be observed. Between the two let us assume two interaction boundaries. When the dimensions of one medium end and that of another medium begin, the interface of the two media is called the boundary. Thus there will be one boundary at the interface between the observer and the field and another at the interface of the field and the system to be observed. In a simple diagram, the situation can be schematically represented as shown below:

Here O represents the observer and S the system to be observed. The vertical lines represent the interaction boundaries. The two boundaries may or may not be locally similar (have different local density gradients). The arrows represent the effect of O and S on the medium that leads to the information exchange that is cognized as observation.

All information requires an initial perturbation involving release of energy, as perception is possible only through interaction (exchange of force). Such release of energy is preceded by freewill or a choice of the observer to know about some aspect of the system through a known mechanism. The mechanism is deterministic – it functions in predictable ways (hence known). To measure the state of the system, the observer must cause at least one quantum of information (energy, momentum, spin, etc) to pass from him through the boundary to the system to bounce back for comparison. Alternatively, he can measure the perturbation created by the other body across the information boundary.

The quantum of information (seeking) or initial perturbation relayed through an impulse (effect of energy etc) after traveling through (and may be modified by) the partition and the field is absorbed by the system to be observed or measured (or it might be reflected back or both) and the system is thereby perturbed. The second perturbation (release or effect of energy) passes back through the boundaries to the observer (among others), which is translated after measurement at a specific instant as the quantum of information. The observation is the observer’s subjective response on receiving this information. The result of measurement will depend on the totality of the forces acting on the systems and not only on the perturbation created by the observer. The “other influences” affecting the outcome of the information exchange give rise to an inescapable uncertainty in observations.

The system being observed is subject to various potential (internal) and kinetic (external) forces which act in specified ways independent of observation. For example chemical reactions take place only after certain temperature threshold is reached. A body changes its state of motion only after an external force acts on it. Observation doesn’t affect these. We generally measure the outcome – not the process. The process is always deterministic. Otherwise there cannot be any theory. We “learn” the process by different means – observation, experiment, hypothesis, teaching, etc, and develop these into cognizable theory. Heisenberg was right that “everything observed is a selection from a plentitude of possibilities and a limitation on what is possible in the future”. But his logic and the mathematical format of the uncertainty principle: ε(q)η(p) ≥ h/4π are wrong.

The observer observes the state at the instant of second perturbation – neither the state before nor after it. This is because only this state, with or without modification by the field, is relayed back to him while the object continues to evolve in time. Observation records only this temporal state and freezes it as the result of observation (measurement). Its truly evolved state at any other time is not evident through such observation. With this, the forces acting on it also remain unknown – hence uncertain. Quantum theory takes these uncertainties into account. If ∑ represents the state of the system before and ∑ ± ∑ represents the state at the instant of perturbation, then the difference linking the transformations in both states (treating other effects as constant) is minimum, if ∑<<∑. If I is the impulse selected by the observer to send across the interaction boundary, then ∑ must be a function of I: i.e. ∑ = f (I). Thus, the observation is affected by the choices made by the observer also.

The inequality: ε(q)η(p) ≥ h/4π or as it is commonly written: δx. δp ≥ ħ permits simultaneous determination of position along x-axis and momentum along the y-axis; i.e., δx. δpy = 0. Hence the statement that position and momentum cannot be measured simultaneously is not universally valid. Further, position has fixed coordinates and the axes are fixed arbitrarily from the origin. Position along x-axis and momentum along y-axis can only be related with reference to a fixed origin (0, 0). If one has a non-zero value, the other has indeterminate (or relatively zero) value (if it has position say x = 5 and y = 7, then it implies that it has zero momentum with reference to the origin. Otherwise either x or y or both would not be constant, but will have extension). Multiplying both position (with its zero relative momentum) and momentum of the same particle (which is possible only at a different time t1 when the particle moves), the result will always be zero. Thus no mathematics is possible between position (fixed coordinates) and momentum (mobile coordinates) as they are mutually exclusive in space and time. They do not commute. Hence, δx.δpy = 0.

Uncertainty is not a law of Nature. We can’t create a molecule from any combination of atoms as it has to follow certain “special conditions”. The conditions may be different like the restrictions on the initial perturbation sending the signal out or the second perturbation leading to the reception of the signal back for comparison because the inputs may be different like c+v and c-v or there may be other inhibiting factors like a threshold limit for interaction. These “special conditions” and external influences that regulate and influence all actions and are unique by themselves, and not the process of measurement, create uncertainty. As the universe evolves in time, its density fluctuates from the mean density within a certain range. Thus, the degree of uncertainty also changes over time. We will discuss this later. The disturbances arising out of the process of measurement are operational (technological) in nature and not existential for the particles. Hence it does not affect the particle, but only its description with reference to observation by others.

EXPLAINING THE PHYSICS OF TEN DIMENSIONS. BASED ON VEDIC SCIENCE.

The goal of physics is to analyze and understand natural phenomena of the universe - properties of matter, energy, their interaction, and consciousness/observer. Random occurrences are not encountered by chance wandering. There is a causal law putting restrictions on these. The validity of a physical statement rests with its correspondence to reality. The validity of a mathematical statement rests with its logical consistency. Mathematical laws of dynamics can be valid physical statements, as long as they correspond to reality. Dynamics is more than action of forces moment by moment or calculated over the particle’s entire path throughout time. The changeover from LHS to RHS in an equation is not automatic. The sign = or → is not an arithmetic total, but signifies special conditions like dynamical variables or transition states, etc.
The reaction 2H2+ O2 → 2H2O is not automatic - they must be ignited to explode. The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1, the ratio of hydrogen to water is 1:1 and the ratio of oxygen to water is 1:2. Water molecule is like H-O-H. So in the reverse reaction, the bonds between the two atoms of each of the gaseous molecules of H2 and O2 must break, which requires energy. Once the atoms recombine to form water, the net energy in the hydrogen bonds in the molecules is much lower than what was there in the individual molecular bonds of gaseous hydrogen and oxygen. So the end result is surplus energy - to the tune of 286 Kilo Joules per mole. Thus, the correct equation is: 2H2+ O2 → 2H2O + Energy. The equations simply do not add up. The → sign indicates the requirement of energy to be added to the reactants as a catalyst. Presence of catalysts lower the thermal barrier changing the variables. But it does not show up in the equation and is not mathematically derived - it must be physically measured. In nature, plants use chlorophyll and energy from the Sun to decompose water. The reaction produces diatomic oxygen. Hydrogen released from water is used for the formation of glucose (C6H12O6). But the equations only shows: C6H12O6 + O2 = H2O + CO2.
Hydrogen is a nontoxic, nonmetallic, odorless, tasteless, colorless, and highly combustible diatomic gas. Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetallic element. It readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with almost all other elements, second only to fluorine. Water is attractive to polar molecules, has high-specific heat, high heat of vaporization, the lower density of ice, and high polarity. Hydrogen and oxygen are gases, but water is fluid at NTP. It brings down temperature. From the equation 2H2+ O2 → 2H2O, can we find these properties? No. Equations do not explain the difference in the properties of water from its constituents. It is true in all reactions. Thus, equations do not give complete information.
MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS VS PHYSICAL MATHEMATICS
Wigner defined mathematics as “the science of skillful operations with concepts and rules invented just for this purpose”. This is too open-ended. What is skillful operation? What are the concepts and Rules? Who invented them? What is the purpose? Do all concepts and rules have to be mathematical only? Wigner says: “The great mathematician fully, almost ruthlessly, exploits the domain of permissible reasoning and skirts the impermissible”, but leaves out what is permissible and what is not; leaving scope for manipulation – create a problem through reductionism and then solve it through manipulation! Finally call it unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics and incompleteness theorem!
One reason for the incompleteness of equations is the nature of mathematics, which explains the accumulation and reduction of numbers linearly or non-linearly of confined or discrete objects. Even analog fields are quantized. Number is a quality of objects by which we differentiate between similars. If there are no similars, it is 1. If there are similars, it is many, which can be 2, 3, 4,…..n, depending upon the sequential perception of ‘one’s in any base. Accumulation or reduction is possible only in specific quantized ways and not in an arbitrary manner (even fractions or decimals are quantized). Proof is the concept, whose effect remain invariant under laboratory conditions. Logic is the special proof necessary for knowing the unknown aspects of something generally known. Thus, the validity of a mathematical statement rests with its logical consistency.
Differentiation is related to perception by dissection. Perception is taking note of the result of measurement. Measurement is a process of comparison between similars. Hence result of measurement is always a scalar quantity. Without the concept of units, it has no meaning. Concept is an intelligent process universally applicable to all subjects or objects. We have concept about something. The objects or subjects may differ, but their “conception” in our memory or CPU remains same – only their detailed descriptions differ. This brings in the Observer, who must differentiate between the objects or subjects and determine which concept is applicable in a given context. Concepts are expressed in a language.
Language is the transposition of some information/command on the mind/CPU of another person/operating system. Mathematics tells us how much a system changes in the right hand side, when the parameters of the left hand side change. This information is universal and invariant in cognition. To that extent, mathematics is a language of physics. But it does not describe what, why, when, where, or how about the parameters or the system. It gives partial information. Generalizing such partial information misleads. Thus, it cannot be the only language of Nature. There is physics beyond mathematics. There is no equation for the observer. Yet, the observer has an important role in physics. No equation can describe the smile on the lips of the beloved. It is not the same as curvature of the lips. Detaching physics from equations is misleading interpretation in quantum physics - it is not weird.
The technological advancements in various sectors has led to data-driven discoveries in the belief that if enough data is gathered, one can achieve a “God’s eye view”. Data is not synonymous with knowledge. Knowledge is the concepts stored in memory. By combining lots of data, we generate something big and different, but unless we have knowledge about the physical mixing procedure to generate the desired effect, it may create the Frankenstein’s monster - a tale of unintended consequences. Already physics is struggling with misguided concepts like extra-dimensions, gravitons, strings, Axions, bare mass, bare charge, etc. that are yet to be discovered. If we re-envision classical and quantum observations as macroscopic overlap of quantum effects, we may solve most problems.
Scientists blindly accepts rigid, linear ideas about the nature of space, time, dimension, etc. These theories provide conceptual convenience and attractive simplicity for pattern analysis, but at the cost of ignoring equally-plausible alternative interpretations of observed phenomena that could possibly have explained the universe better. And sometimes they misguide!
What is the basic difference between quantum physics and classical physics? Notices of the American Mathematical Society Volume 52, Number 9 published a paper which shows that the theory of dynamical systems used to design trajectories of space flights and the theory of transition states in chemical reactions share the same set of mathematics. Our ancients considered the difference as that of the individual and the universal. Moving from individual to universal involves energy. Further, the tiny quantum mass is more susceptible to interference – noise from the environment. This makes the linear interaction to become non-linear.
In the Standard Model, which is not as successful as it is made out to be, we deal with quarks and leptons individually. In classical physics, we deal with their combinations collectively. The observable universe is explained by QED (photons exchange energy with electrons etc.) The rest of the SM deal with strong/weak interaction and yet to be incorporated gravity. We can model the interaction across all scales. We can add certain frequencies, phase them together like in holography - there are macro equivalents of all micro particles. Planet Jupiter is a macro equivalent of protons. Earth is a macro equivalent of neutrons. Our galaxy is a miniature universe, which is spinning around its axis like everything else in the universe. This will explain many observations, without invoking any novel phenomena.
String theory, which was developed with a view to harmonize General Relativity (GR) with Quantum theory, is said to be a high order theory where other models, such as super-gravity and quantum gravity appear as approximations. Unlike super-gravity, string theory is said to be a consistent and well-defined theory of quantum gravity, and therefore calculating the value of the cosmological constant from it should, at least in principle, be possible. On the other hand, the number of vacuum states associated with it seems to be quite large, and none of these features three large spatial dimensions, broken super-symmetry, and a small cosmological constant. The features of string theory which are at least potentially testable - such as the existence of super-symmetry and cosmic strings - are not specific to string theory. The features that are specific to string theory - the existence of strings - either do not lead to precise predictions or lead to predictions that are impossible to test with current levels of technology.
Apart from no evidence in support of existence of strings, there are many unexplained questions relating to its concept. Given the measurement problem of quantum mechanics, what happens when a string is measured? Does the uncertainty principle apply to the whole string? Or does it apply only to some section of the string being measured? Does string theory modify the uncertainty principle? If we measure its position, do we get only the average position of the string? If the position of a string is measured with arbitrarily high accuracy, what happens to the momentum of the string? Does the momentum become undefined as opposed to simply unknown? What about the location of an end-point? If the measurement returns an end-point, then which end-point? Does the measurement return the position of some point along the string? The string is said to be a Two dimensional object extended in space. Hence its position cannot be described by a finite set of numbers and thus, cannot be described by a finite set of measurements. How do the Bell’s inequalities apply to string theory? No answer.
String theories require 26 or 11 dimensions. M-theory requires 10 dimensions. But scientists have no idea about what these mathematical dimensions are. The strings are said to be excitations in hyperspace in 26 or 11 dimensions of a particle with zero mass and two units of spin. The extra dimensions are thought to be compactified or curled up into tiny pockets inside observable space. The particular vibrations of the strings within a multidimensional hyperspace are thought to correspond to particles that form the basis of all matter and energy. No one knows whether such hyperspace or strings or compactified dimensions exist. Time has come to switch over to physical mathematics. We will show the 10 dimensions in observable space.
DEFINING DIMENSION (परिमाण)
Dimension is a structural attribute (विस्तार), a measurable extent of spread in a given direction: length, breadth, depth, or height - the space an object takes up. In physics, dimension is considered as an expression of the character of a derived quantity in relation to fundamental quantities, without regard for its numerical value. In all measurements, unit is considered fundamental and the result is derived from it by comparison. For quantum particles like quarks, we cannot measure their extent and compare with others – they are indiscernible. Mesons, though composite quarks, are highly unstable. Even in the discernible macro world, the same object may be perceived differently from different angles or different distances. In both cases, they may be stable or unstable. Thus, we have to choose a precise description to cover these aspects: discreet/indiscreet (नित्य-अनित्य) and unit/quantity (अणु-महत्).
Dimensions is the interface (प्रचय) between the internal structural space and the external relational space (परिमाण) of an object depicted by the necessary parameters (संख्या). In visual perception, where the medium is electromagnetic radiation, we need three mutually perpendicular dimensions corresponding to the electric field, the magnetic field and their direction of motion. Measurement shows the relationship of dimension with numbers in a universalized manner. In the case of number, it is one or the totality of ‘one’s. But dimension is not the same as measurement of length or breadth or height – it is the constant in all three – spread (विस्तारस्य यथैवार्थ आयामेन प्रकाशित । तथारोहसमुच्छ्रायौ पर्यायवाचिनौ मतौ । - विश्वकर्मा).
Some claim that if there is some observable phenomena that we can measure by defining units of measure and counting the quantity of these units, then there is an associated dimension which is not unit based but the units reside within it or are composed of the dimension being measured. They posit, number of dimensions are not limited to the dimensions of space and time but include all manner of observable phenomena which can be quantified and measured. Thus dimension should include time-duration, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance and luminous intensity. In the case of indiscernible, the concept of dimension is different than that of discernible. Let us examine their view.
OF VECTORS SPACES, LINEAR ALGEBRA & FIELDS
Some people claim that if V is a vector space, then its dimension is the cardinality of a minimal spanning set or maximal linearly independent set of vectors. What this is for infinite dimensional vector spaces depends on whether we want a Hamel basis, i.e. do we allow or disallow infinite direct sums. But physically, what does it mean? A vector space is said to be a space consisting of vectors, together with the associative and commutative operations of vectors and the associative and distributive operation of multiplication of vectors by scalars. For a general vector space, the scalars are members of a field F, in which case V is called a vector space over F. This is a statement and not a precise definition, as it uses the term ‘space’ without defining it precisely and showing whether such definition applies to the term Vector space. Also, how different is vector space from observed space.
Both space and time arise from our concepts of sequence and interval. When objects are arranged in an ordered sequence, the interval between them is called space. The same concept involving events is called time. We describe objects only with specific markers. Since intervals have no markers, they cannot be described. Thus, we use alternative symbolism to define space and time by using the limiting conditions, i.e., by the limiting objects and events. Space is described as the interval between limiting objects and time as the interval between limiting events.
A vector in physics is a quantity having direction as well as magnitude, especially as determining the position of one point in space relative to another. Movements are related to shifting mass. Even a wave, which passes on momentum, involves mass, as momentum itself is mass x velocity. All movements occur in space in some direction. There is no space, which is empty. Vector addition and multiplications are related to use of different forces to move mass in different directions in the same space. Intervals are not described by their mass. Then how does vector space differ from ordinary space?
Linear algebra deals with linear equations. When plotted, a linear equation gives rise to a line. Most of linear algebra takes place in the so-called vector spaces. It takes place over structures called field, which is a set (often denoted F) which has two binary operations +F (addition) and ·F (multiplication) defined on it. Thus, for any a, b ∈ F, a +F b and a ·F b are elements of F. They must satisfy certain rules. A nonempty subset W of a vector space V that is closed under addition and scalar multiplication (and therefore contains the 0-vector of V) is called a linear subspace of V, or simply a subspace of V, when the ambient space is unambiguously a vector space. This is not mathematics, but politics, where problems multiply by division. What does it physically mean?
Some people use the term ‘quantity of dimension one’ to reflect the convention in which the symbolic representation of the dimension for such quantities (like linear strain, friction factor, refractive index, mass fraction, Mach number, Reynolds number, degeneracy in quantum mechanics, number of turns in a coil, number of molecules, etc.) is the symbol 1. But they cannot define the ‘quantity of dimension one’ and how it is determined to be a dimension. Dimension is not a scalar quantity and a number has no physical meaning unless it is associated with some discrete object. Moreover, two lengths cannot be added or subtracted if they are perpendicular to each other, even though both have length.
A field is a region of space, upon entering which we experience a force. By convention, depending upon the nature of the force, we designate the field as electric field, magnetic field etc. Why complicate it with unnecessary details which has no physical meaning; like complex numbers?
WHAT IS NOT A DIMENSION
Some say: we can specify the time and place of an event in the universe by using three Cartesian coordinates for space and another number for time. This makes space-time four-dimensional. It shows that we can specify time using a number. An object remain invariant under mutual transformation of the dimensions: like rotating length to breadth or height, even though the measured value of the new axes change. Time does not fulfill these criteria. Further, we can change our directions in space, but not in time. We can measure both sides of our position in space and remember the result of measurement. But we cannot remember future. Hence time is not a dimension, though it is intricately linked to space due to the following reason.
Earlier, we have defined number as a universal quality of all substances by which we differentiate between similars. Zero is that which is not present at here-now, but is present elsewhere. Elsewhere we have proved mathematically that division of a number by zero is not infinity, but it leaves the number unchanged. Infinity is like one – without similars, with one exception. While the dimensions of one are discrete – hence clearly perceived, the dimensions of infinity are analog and not clearly perceived. Space, time, coordinates and Consciousness are the only infinities. We use their digital segments like buckets of water from ocean. Infinities do not interact as interaction involves change of position, which is possible only in discrete objects. Infinities can coexist. Thus, space and time coexist to appear as spacetime.
Some hold that the dimension of a physical quantity is defined as the power to which the fundamental quantities are raised to express the physical quantity. Suppose there is a geometric shape with some associated quantity and we scale up the lengths of all sides of the shape by 2. If the associated quantity scales 2^d, then d is the dimension. For example, take a plane polygon on a graph. If we double its side-lengths, we multiply it by 2^2 – change in area. For a polyhedron, doubling the sides gives a factor of 2^3 - change in volume. But these changes have other known geometrical properties also. When we take higher values like 4 or n, can these values be derived like length, area or volume for dimensions 1, 2, and 3 respectively? There is no higher dimension with similarly increasing geometrical properties. Why should we presume higher dimensions?
Can luminous intensity be a dimension? No, because dimension is a fixed quality that depicts invariant extent in a given direction, but intensity is neither invariant nor has a direction. It is uniform within its spread area. Is the mass or the amount of substance a dimension? No, because mass is defined as a dimensionless quantity representing the amount of matter in a particle. Can an effectively ‘dimensionless dimension of one’ be defined such that it is derived as a ratio of dimensions of the same type: as in deriving angle? No, because the statement is self-contradictory.
Can the measurement change the phenomenon, body, or substance under study in such a way that the quantity actually measured differs from the measurand: like the potential difference between the terminals of a battery may decrease when using a voltmeter with a significant internal conductance to perform the measurement? No; it is a difference of intensity – not dimension. For the same reason, thermal temperature is not a dimension. The open-circuit potential difference can be calculated from the internal resistances of the battery and the voltmeter. Further, this definition differs from that in VIM, 2nd Edition, Item 2.6, and some other vocabularies, that define the measurand as the quantity subject to measurement. The description of a measurand requires specification of the state of the phenomenon, body, or substance under study. In chemistry, the measurand can be a biological activity.
Do the number of dimensions we see is limited by our senses that define our perceptions? Are sight, sound, taste, smell, and touch the only senses an organism can have? Yes; they replicate the fundamental forces of Nature. Eyes use only electromagnetic radiation (उपयाम). Sound travels between bodies separated only by a medium – like gravitational interaction (उद्याम). Smell replicates strong interaction (अन्तर्याम). Taste replicates beta decay component of weak interaction (वहिर्याम). Touch replicates the rest of weak interaction – like alpha decay (यातयाम).
Some say birds have another sense – they can perceive and navigate by the Earth’s magnetic fields. This is not a different sense, but one aspect of touch (स्पर्श). Others say: certain animals, like the mantis shrimp, see different colors than we do. These are capacity to see different wavelengths (रूप) and not a different sense. Could there be dimensions that no organism, terrestrial or otherwise, could perceive (अतीन्द्रिय)? Whether it is an issue of size (अणुपरिमाण) or our limited senses (सङ्कुचितशक्ति), could extra-dimensions be reason for science to turn to mathematics as a means of advanced exploration? No. Speculation is not science.
Some say: dimension of a physical quantity is the index of each of the fundamental quantity (Length, mass, time,) which express that quantity. The dimension of mass, length and time are represented as [M], [L] and [T] respectively. For example, the dimension of speed can be derived as: Speed= distance/time = length/time = L/T = L.T^-1.
In the above expression, there is no mention of mass, current or temperature because they do not play any role in defining this quantity. Or the dimension of mass, current, luminous intensity, temperature in this expression is zero. This is the brute force approach. A system consists of several necessary parameters. By arbitrarily reducing these parameters to zero, the system no longer remains as it is. Thus, it is a wrong description.
According to the principle of homogeneity of dimensional equations, the dimensions of fundamental quantities on LHS of an equation must be equal to the dimensions of the fundamental quantities on the RHS of that equation. The famous equation e = mc2 fails this test. Let us consider three quantities A, B and C such that C = A + B. According to this principle, the dimensions of C are equal to the dimensions of A and B. For example: we can write the dimensional first equation of kinematics: v = u + at as: [M0 L T-1] = [M0 L T-1] + [M0 L T-1] X [M0 L0 T] = [M0 L T-1].
Apart from the fact that mass and time are not dimensions as shown above (also being variables or emergent properties), the equation does not give information about the dimensional constant common to all parameters like mass, length and time. If a quantity depends on more than three factors having dimension, the formula cannot be derived. From the above equation, we cannot derive the formulae containing trigonometric function, exponential functions, logarithmic function, etc. The exact form of relation cannot be developed when there are more than one part in any relation. It gives no information whether a physical quantity is scalar or vector.
Others say: high-dimensional abstract spaces (independent of the physical space we live in) like parameter spaces or configuration spaces such as in Lagrangian or Hamiltonian mechanics exist. This implies that position coordinates are not the only dimensions. For example, if a system consisting of homogenous ideal gas particles following the postulates of Kinetic Theory of Gases contained in an ideal confinement, the Pressure P; Volume V; Temperature T; and amount of gas i.e. no. of moles n, are the only required dimensions to state all the properties of that system. These are mere words. What is the proof in support of this argument? Has these spaces been discovered?
Some say: dimension is basically a number needed to specify something. For example the surface of a sheet of paper is two-dimensional because we can specify a point on the sheet of paper using the Cartesian coordinate system. But a graph is not the same as the real object it represents. The paper itself is three dimensional with varying thickness. We use one of its surfaces for plotting the graph. The real object that the graph represents has three dimensions. The graph gives only partial information. Further, what we “see” is the radiation emitted by a body – not the body proper. What we touch is the body proper and not the radiation emitted by it. Thus, both give incomplete information, which needs to be mixed to get a complete picture. For this reason, we have two eyes.
Dimension is not a sequence of addresses existing at different address locations along the street at different years. A fixed physical address and time does uniquely identify a specific house, but that is an arbitrary nomenclature – not a universal rule to qualify as dimension.
THE 10 DIMENSIONS
Dimension is an existential description. Change in dimension changes the existential description of the body irrespective of time and space. It never remains the same thereafter. Since everything is in a state of motion with reference to everything else at different rates of displacement, these displacements could not be put into any universal equation. Any motion of a body can be described only with reference to another body. Poincare and other have shown that even three body equations cannot be solved precisely. Our everyday experience shows that the motion of a body with reference to other bodies can measure different distances over the same time interval and same distance over different time intervals. Hence any standard equation for motion including time variables for all bodies or a class of bodies is totally absurd.
Dimension is generally understood as the number of independent coordinates needed to specify any point in a given space. For describing the size of an object, we use three numbers: length, breadth and elevation. For describing any position on Earth, we use three numbers: longitude, latitude and elevation, which also express the same information for a spherical structure. Photon and other radiation that travel at uniform velocity, are massless or without a fixed background structure – hence, strictly, are not “bodies”.
The three or six dimensions (including their negative directions from the origin) are not absolute terms, but are related to the order of placement of the object in the coordinate system of the field in which the object is placed. Since 
1. dimension of an object (वयुन) is related to the spread of the object, i.e., the relationship between its “confined structural inner space” and its “outer space” through which it is related to others (प्रचय संयोग), 
2. the outer space (वयोनाध) is infinite, 
3. the outer space does not affect inner space without breaking the dimension (वय), 
the three or six dimensions remain invariant under mutual transformation of the axes (पर्यायवाची). If we rotate the object so that x-axis changes to the y-axis or z-axis, there is no effect on the structure (spread - विस्तार) of the object, i.e. the relative positions between different points on the body and their relationship to the space external to it remain invariant.
Based on the positive and negative directions (spreading out from or contracting towards) the origin, these describe six unique functions of position, i.e. (x,0,0), (-x,0,0), (0,y,0), (0,-y,0), (0,0,z), (0,0,-z), that remain invariant under mutual transformation. Besides these, there are four more unique positions, namely (x, y), (-x, y), (-x, -y) and (x, -y) where x = y for any value of x and y, which also remain invariant under mutual transformation. These are the ten dimensions and not the so-called “mathematical structures”. Since time does not fit in this description, it is not a dimension.
Our ancients named these 10 dimensions as: 1) Maahendree (माहेन्द्री), 2) Vaishwaanaree (वैश्वानरी), 3) Yaamyaa (याम्या), 4) Nairhtee (नैऋती), 5) Vaarunee (वारुणी), 6) Vaayavee (वायवी), 7) Kouveree (कौवेरी), 8) Aishaani (ऐशानी), 9) Braahmee (ब्राह्मी) and 10) Naagee (नागी). The nomenclature indicates their confining character (संस्त्यान).
We will discuss strings physically in another paper.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) VAISHESHIKA SOOTRA (वैशेषिकसूत्रम्) by KANADA (कणादः)
2) COMPENDIUM ON PROPERTIES OF MATTER (पदार्थधर्मसंग्रह) by PRASHASTAPADA (प्रशस्तपादः)

VEDIC CONCEPT OF अक्षर, वर्ण, AND छन्द.

Let us focus on the word अक्षर. It is not the same as वर्ण. The word अक्षर which literally means imperishable, refers to the primordial energy of the universe. This is also called अमृतात्मा and षोडशी. It is one, but can become many due to interaction with the background structure. अक्षर has 9 विन्दु, whereas वर्ण has 8 विन्दु. अक्षर has वृहती छन्द, whereas वर्ण has अनुष्टुप छन्द. अक्षर is the base (प्रतिष्ठा) of वर्ण, which represents the describable physical world – hence वर्ण. Its 8 विन्दु represents what could be described as the 8 gluons (अग्निश्च जातवेदाश्च सहोजा अजिराप्रभुः वैश्वानरो नर्यापाश्च पङ्क्तिराधाश्च सप्तमः । विसर्पेऽवा अष्टमो अग्नि नाम् । एते अष्टौ वसवः क्षिता । वसयति इति वसवः). You must remember that gluons are high energy bosons. Hence they are described in the Vedas as अग्नि. Unless the gluons confine the quarks, structure formation will be imposible. Hence अनुष्टुप is said to be responsible for creation.
When अक्षर moves freely, following the Vedic principle: तीरश्चिनो विततो रश्मीरेषा, it moves in waves passing momentum only. This generates waves (कम्प) that lead to formation of sound (सरस्वति वाक्), which is expressed as वर्ण. If it moves with greater force than necessary to form a wave, it bombards on the background (चिति), which leads to consolidation as particles (आम्भृणी वाक्). Both are called वाक् because we express the concept of particles only through speech form.
In this process, when the air moves from the navel, it comes through chest, throat and after passing through the vocal chord, move out through mouth. If every part is in its normal position (संवृत), it come out as the breathing sound. If the vocal chord is stretched (विवृत), it comes out as speech (वाक्). The first sound that comes out with minimum effort is अ. Panini has shown that all other वर्ण comes out from संवृत अ to become deformations of विवृत अ. Hence his text ends as अ-अ. I am not discussing the scientific aspects related to fundamental forces of Nature. The mechanism has been elaborated in शिक्षा and प्रातिशाख्य texts. In case you want, I can explain separately.
Coming to छन्द, the first thing to remember is it is the first of five पशु । Here पशु does not mean animal, but all observables (यत् अपश्यत् तत् पशवः). During the creation phase, everything comes out from the same source in the reverse order till structure formation starts (कश्यपः पश्यको भवति । यत्सर्वं परिपश्यतीति सौक्ष्म्यात्). In order of decreasing temperature, stars are classified into seven categories as O, B, A, F, G, K, and M. Vedas call these आरोगो भ्राजः पटर पतङ्गः स्वर्णरो ज्योतिषीमान् विभासः । The galactic center is called कश्यपः. It does not move (स महामेरुं न जहाति). It expands in the big bang and takes back everything during final annihilation (यत्ते शिल्पं कश्यप रोचनावत् । ... यस्मिन्सूर्या अर्पितास्सप्त साकम् । तस्मिन् राजानमधिविश्रयेमम्). It functions like a blower (भ्रस्ताकर्मकृदिवैवम्).
Like space, छन्द covers (छादयति इति छन्दः) everything (आधारशक्तिप्रथमा सर्वसंयोगिनां मता). Similtaneously, it is the first unit of energy (quantum – प्राणमात्रा छन्दः). The other पशवः are related to the other fundamental forces of Nature. We are not discussing these here. The well known seven छन्द are related to confining energy. There are four more छन्द, which are related to confined structures: मा, प्रमा, प्रतिमा relating to fermions (ऋषयस्सप्ताऽत्रिश्च यत् । सर्वेऽत्रयो अगस्त्यश्च । अगस्त्यः कुम्भजातः) and the fourth अस्रीवय relating to bosons (दिक् देवता). All other छन्द are related to prosody – not Vedic छन्द.