ON CELLS & CONSCIOUSNESS

The cell is highly secular. Pointing to its multi-layered, hierarchically nested, decision-making labyrinth of cellular consciousness, some people imply that functioning of cells can be equated with consciousness - a holograph of consciousness, which they describe as Mother Nature and we as the Consciousness sea. They equate its functional normality (अप्रमाद) or abnormality (प्रमाद) with physiology and pathology respectively. This is the very description of Sanat Sujaatiya – the other important chapter in Mahabharata after Gita.

You say that the cell responds holographically. It is the same as यथा पिण्डे तथा ब्रह्माण्डे – microcosm mirrors macrocosm. You say the cell responds as a whole and is solution centric. This is what we called in our Kathmandu paper as कर्मव्यूह. The supra-molecular chemistry is प्रक्रम and अभिक्रम. We had also referred to the Sodium-potasium pump and ATP. Molecules and organelles can be visualized as the tools, appliances, and inner rooms of the cell. What you call as vehicles, we called these receptacles. Then you ask the question, which can be translated from our perspective as: whether the functioning of the cell is deterministic like the programming of a computer or does it show freewill also, which needs mind, self, life consciousness etc? Then you proceed to suggest a model. From here, you go on to describe consciousness through hardware, interaction and Western notations. We described it through software and energy and Vedic notations.

Mind, like RAM in computers, powers neurons for processing and transport of information. Almost every region of cortex sends fibers to the two claustra - which are the grand central station. These connections are reciprocated by other fibers that extend back from claustrum to the originating cortical region. Mirror neurons in brain reflect reaction as if involved in action, but without actual participation. Claustrum is base of intelligence - mixer of sensory inputs - not cognizer. DNA, neurons, mind, intelligence etc. are field (क्षेत्र – gita 13-5/6, 20) - hence digital. Consciousness is analog (gita 13- 2, 16). Flashes of firing of positrons only reflect position of conscious function – not consciousness proper as “I know….” or perception of happiness and sorrow, etc.

Computers run on standard/special programs which is soft – i.e., flexible to be instantly reprogrammed. These are put to hardware (physical body including brain and neurons). Software is life other than प्राण and body (लिङ्गशरीर). RAM is used for speedy (at least 1000 times faster than HDD) access and temporary storage of information. Large amount of non-random, permanent mass is stored in HDD. Mind acts like RAM. Brain, like HDD, stores information in various compartments to be retrieved when needed. Basic function of RAM is to support applications (tasks). Mind supports sensory instruments and reports to intelligence. RAM has volatile memory - it stops working when power is cut off. Mind does so in deep sleep (Prashnopanishat 4-2). Intelligence, like the CPU, does the processing. CPU cannot execute a program which is “on the disc” and has not been loaded in RAM. Intelligence acts through mind. If memory speed is slower than Front Side Bus (FSB), it takes too long to fetch an instuction or an operand. Mind shows dullness or brightness based on its specie specific speed.

Praana is the power supply for body. First breathing is like basic input-output system (BIOS) of computer, which boots the PC and searches and loads the OS to RAM from ROM that can’t be modified (equivalent to memory content of linga shareera of previous birth. This is crucial for child behavior after birth). First breathing is like first booting. In computer, CMOS battery keeps 64-bytes of memory located in cmos chip alive even after battery is switched off. This function is done by linga shareera, which preserves some memory of previous birth, even after death. CPU and RAM differ in processing capabilities (arithmetic dexterity) and storage capacity respectively. Thus we see different levels of intelligence in different species. These are input, memory, processing, and output related and not perception related (as “I know” or happiness, pain, desire, etc). Like consciousness, OS is same for all computers but BIOS varies from computer to computer. Like लिङ्गशरीर, it’s a program semi-permanently stored into one of computer’s main chips. The OS creates virtual memory on HDD by creating a page file when the system runs out of RAM like we recollect. More recollections correlated with greater connectivity among different regions of brain. Doi: J. Neurosci. 35, 1763 (2015). Sometimes “overclocking” boosts up OS speed - sudden bright ideas.

On switching the power button, the computer converts AC current to DC current and regulates voltage. DC current has uniform direction of flow. Transfer varistors (transistors) send signal to mother board and CPU. In the transistor, output current is controlled by varying the number of current carriers (free electrons).  It is a current amplifier and is not a perfect switch. When off; there is a small current that flows. When on, it has a small voltage drop depending on the collector and base currents. When using a transistor as a switch, there is an unequal drop across the collector emitter junction and across the base emitter junction. It keeps lowering the voltage drop across the collector emitter junction by increasing the voltage drop across the resistor and thus increases the current, until the transistor saturates. Circuits that require current flow in only one direction typically include one or more diodes in the circuit design. Most common diodes are made from semiconductor materials such as silicon or germanium (CMOS). Switching diodes are like switches and are single diodes in a discrete package.  There are different types of diodes (such as light emitting diode). Bipolar transistors consist of three terminals labelled as emitter (a), base (b) & collector (c) (आत्मा/उक्थ, ब्रह्म/प्राण, साम/पशु). Transistor’s ability to change between insulator and conductor enables it to have: “switching” functions (digital electronics) or “amplification” (analogue electronics) functions. Bipolar transistors have the ability to operate within three different regions: active, saturated, cut-off regions.

Processor clears memory register and gives the CPU program counter a F000 hexadecimal number. It tells CPU that now it is ready to process BIOS. It begins power-on self-test (POST) sequence. If it passes initial test, the computer looks at the first 64-bytes of memory located in the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip, which is kept alive by the CMOS battery even when computer is turned off (like लिङ्गशरीर). CMOS chip contains information about system time and date and information about all the hardware installed in computer. Then POST begins inspecting and comparing system settings with what is installed in the computer. Next, post checks real-time clock (RTC) or system timer and computer system bus to make sure both are properly working on the computer (miscarriage or not). POST loads memory contained on the display adaptor and makes it part of the overall system BIOS.  POST checks memory to see if it is cold boot or warm boot. Then it checks RAM by writing to each chip. Finally POST sends signals to all drives to test the drives. If all tests are successful, POST instruct the computer to start the process of loading the operating system and all of its associated files. BIOS hands control to Boot-Strap Loader to check Boot Sector and hard drive. Finally after all sequences are completed, the operating system starts to function.

ONE & MANY IN ADWAIT

Some friends have raised queries about one and many in our earlier post – specifically those relating to Shankar’s description. Some have pointed out to Vartika (563-564) of Sureshwar, who quotes Brhadaaranyaka Upanishad (4-3-23) to establish Adwaita. According to it, “But there is not that second thing separate from it, which it can see (during deep sleep). Sureshwar argues that since duality is not uniformly perceived in all states (wakeful, dream, deep sleep), the perception of duality must be illusory. But this is not the correct interpretation of the Upanishadic dictum. During wakeful state, our sense organs are receiving outside impulse, whether it is being transmitted to our mind fully or not. During dream, the external impulses cease to be received, but all other internal processing continues. This frees our mind and intelligence from the constraints imposed by the laws of the external world. Thus, in dream we see only those objects that we had seen earlier, but without any restriction. We have seen birds fly and horses run. But in our dream, we can see flying horses, which is not possible in the physical world. Only these processes stop during deep sleep. The intelligence (विज्ञानात्मा in अध्यात्म or विज्ञान सूर्य in अधिदैव) is awake in deep sleep, but since its function is only to project the mixed picture of the impulses, in the absence of impulses, it remains blank. This is the meaning of the Upanishadic dictum, which is elaborated in Maandukya Upanishad.

Other friends have pointed to the statement: One only without-a-Second (एकमेवाऽद्वितीयोसन्नामरूपविवर्जितम् । सृष्टेपुराधुनाप्यस्य तादृक्त्वं तदितिरुच्यते।), which admits one only while talking about second. But the meaning of the statement is not related to number sequence. It relates to categories and contains three negations. The word ‘One-only’ (एकम्) means, Brahma has no similars (विजातीयभेद). The word ‘only’ (एव) implies negation of one set with its elements (सजातीयभेद). There can be many elements belonging to a common set. Brahman is not like that. The word ‘without-a-Second’ (अद्वितीयम्) negates one without an internal structure or components (स्वगतभेद). To give macro examples, fruits can be differentiated from other objects (the first denial of similarity in case of Brahman - विजातीयभेद). There can be different fruits (second denial - सजातीयभेद). The fruits can have skin, pulp, seed etc (the third denial - स्वगतभेद). None of these descriptions are applicable to Brahman. Thus, the statement is only that of Purusha, which is One. Only Prakriti, though one in its sublime state, gets transformed into many while creating the Universe. Thus, there is no contradiction.

ON CAUSALITY

There is much confusion regarding causality – specifically backwards-in-time causality. Also how consciousness is derived from causality. We will clarify these issues.

In our paper for the Kathmandu conference during April 2015, we had discussed causality to show that backwards-in-time causality is impossible. Consider an example: A + B → C + D. Here a force makes A and B interact to produce C and D. The same initial force cannot act on C and D as they do not exist at that stage. If we change the direction of the initial forces, then B acts on A. Here only the direction of force and not the interval between the states before and after application of force (time) will change and the equation will be: B + A → C + D and not B + A ← C + D (C and D did not exist then and came into existence as effect of that action). Hence it does not affect causality. This is proved by everyday experience. There is no proof for backwards-in-time causality or negative direction for time.

Relativity has been seriously questioned in various forums and there are sites in the internet dedicated only for this purpose. The black hole firewall paradox; which is the dominant theme in physics for the last three years; shows that, relativity and quantum entanglement; cannot be correct simultaneously. One of them has to be wrong. When we approach a mountain, it “appears” to grow bigger and bigger at a particular rate. This is only apparent and not real. There is no proof that something different happens in quantum world. We have shown that relativity was discussed by Prashastapaada in his पदार्थ धर्म संग्रह (Compendium on the Properties of Matter) and rejected as unscientific description of reality. Further we have shown that it is impossible to measure a moving rod from a fixed frame of reference to show relativistic effects. Till date no one has challenged it. Many have appreciated it. Similarly, we have shown proof citing records that Hafele and Keating’s experiment to prove time dilation was manipulated as was Eddington’s experiment. The time dilation shown in GPS arises out of refraction (light signal entering denser atmosphere of Earth from sparsely dense outer space) and not due to relativity. Now we will explain why we cannot see future.

Past-present-future are three segments (अध्वा) of analog time (अमूर्त काल). Time being infinite, is analog like space (देश), coordinates (दिक्) and consciousness (आत्मा). For the first three we use segments and designate it by suitably digitizing for our convenience (like taking out a pitcher of water from the sea). In the case of Consciousness, the digitized segment is called जीव.

In our paper for the Kathmandu conference, we had shown that Past is not related to present in the same way as present is related to future. Space, Time and coordinates arise from our concept of sequence and interval. When it is related to objects, we call the interval space. When it is related to events, we call the interval time. When we describe inter-relationship of objects, we describe the interval by coordinates. Past, Present and future are segments of these sequences of intervals that are strictly ordered – all of future always follow present. The same sequence is not true for past, because any past event can be linked to the present bypassing the specific sequence of its occurrence but we cannot move from past to future or from present to distant future violating the sequence. Further, we can think of or use the information relating to past with certainty, but cannot do the same for future. This proves unidirectional time – hence strict causality.

The laws of causality shows that present cannot be random, but must be built upon past. Similarly, future must be built upon present. Of these only present is experienced (स्वव्यापारारुढ). Past (अनुभूति व्यञ्जक – that which has been experienced) and future (भवितव्य व्यञ्जक – that which has the potential of being experienced) remain in their potential form. This is a mechanical process – one vector resolving into two other vectors (it being continuously unidirectional, is resolution of present into two uneven components and not backward-in-time causation). Their existence is proved from their predictability, though there are differences in both cases. Some future events are accurately predictable. Since our measuring instruments are capable of only limited readings, often we generalize the limited reading to project future. But objects evolve in time independent of our measurement and our limited freewill interferes with perpetual evolution to bring in uncertainty. This has been discussed elaborately in our Kathmandu paper. Hence all of future is not predictable accurately. Backward-in-time causation will lead to paradoxes like the Grandfather paradox, which will lead to chaos. Since it is against the observed order of the universe, it cannot be true.

Any knowledge must be about something. Knowledge without its object is impossible. We have knowledge of past and present objects, but how does it apply to future? To understand this, we must know the nature of objects. All objects have three aspects: mass (द्रव्य), properties (गुण or शक्ति - energy) and interactive capabilities (क्रिया - everything cannot interact with everything else). Of these, the last one (क्रिया) transforms the first (द्रव्य) – thus, is the evolutionary or the causal factor. However, even though mass is evolved due to interactive capabilities, these in turn belong to the object having fundamental mass. That mass is the fundamental object. Confinement is its quantum property (अस्फुट क्रिया). Transformation (macro) is its observed property (स्फुट क्रिया). This is the causal factor. The quantum properties determine its basic interactive characteristics, which, in turn, transform the basic properties of objects including their quantum characteristic. Thus, continued mutual transformation of quantum properties and macro properties is the basic nature of all objects. It is well established that quarks or nucleons retain their confinement based on such mutual transformation (नित्यदाह्यङ्गभूतानि भवन्तिचाभवन्ति च । कालेनालक्ष्य वेगेन सूक्ष्मत्वात् तत् न दृश्यते ।).

The above shows that mutual transformation of the quantum states that affect macro states and vice-versa is the basic nature of the universe (called जगत् - because everything in it is ever moving). When this potential transformation interacts (through sense organs) with our intelligence, it leads to memory and then to knowledge as described in an earlier post. To understand or solve something is to predict its behavior in a given situation, when such prediction matches observed behavior. Something makes meaning only if the description remains invariant under multiple perceptions or measurements under similar conditions through a proper measurement system. In communication, as in perception, it is the class or form that remains invariant as a concept. The sequence of sound in a word or signal ceases to exist, but the meaning remains as a concept. In Nature, same atoms (or numbers signifying objects) may combine differently to produce different objects. The concept arising out of each combination acquires a name (word, message) that remains invariant through all material changes and even when they cease to exist.

In the perception “this (object) is like that (the concept)”, one can describe “that” only if one has perceived it earlier. Perception requires prior measurement of multiple aspects or fields and storing the result of measurement in a centralized system (memory) to be retrieved when needed. To understand a certain aspect, we just refer to the data bank and see whether it matches with any of the previous readings or not. The answer is either yes or no. Number is a perceived property of all substances by which we differentiate between similars. Hence they are most suited for describing messages concerning everything. Since the higher or lower numbers are perceived in a sequence of one at a time, it can be accumulated or reduced by one at each step making it equivalent to binary systems (इदं वा इदं वा). Thus, computers use binary system.

Coming back to causality of mutual transformation, it can be seen that it is infinite in number, which produces infinite varieties. Since it is not possible for our sense organs or measuring instruments to measure the totality, we observe or measure only segments. Hence the segment being observed or measured is called present (स्व व्यापारारूढ). Whatever has the potential of being observed; is called future (अनागत). Thus, if the limitation of capability or temporal barrier is removed, one can have total information about everything transcending time (सर्वज्ञता). In such a state, everything appears like present. Thus, it is said that appearance, disappearance or non-appearance are all relative. They are in perpetual competition to suppress each other due to the causal factor induced by their Lord (जन्मनाशाभिभूताश्च तारतम्येन संस्थिता । स्पर्द्धायोपहिता नित्यम् परतन्त्रश्च सर्वदा).

How does it explain consciousness? Even though energy (शक्ति) and matter that contains potential energy (शक्तिमान्) appear as different, there is no bare mass or bare charge. Only depending upon the degree of dominance, we call it charge or mass. Hence they are two sides of the same coin. Since energy, that propels the organs to function; is a sign of consciousness, and since it cannot be isolated from mass, Purusha cannot be isolated from Prakriti. Based on the degree of dominance, it can be inert (प्रसुप्तस्पन्दन), plants and animals with limited intelligence (सवासनाविला), intelligent (प्रवृद्धस्पन्दन) or super-intelligence (प्रक्षिप्तस्पन्दन). Thus, it has been said that: जाड्याकारस्तु यः शक्तिस्तान्नाभिन्नं परम्पदमम् । स्वप्रधानादि रूपेण त्रिधोपास्यं विचक्षणैः ।

GENESIS OF BIG-BANG, ENERGY, CONSCIOUSNESS, PERCEPTION, CONFINEMENT, INTERACTION, POTENTIAL, CHARGE, TIME, FREEWILL & LIFE BEFORE CREATION.

                    द्वादशविधपुरुषः तत्वम् । 

(GENESIS OF BIG-BANG, ENERGY, CONSCIOUSNESS, PERCEPTION, CONFINEMENT, INTERACTION, POTENTIAL, CHARGE, TIME, FREEWILL & LIFE BEFORE CREATION.)

1.   केवल निजस्वरूपेण अवस्थितस्य यदा वहुस्यां प्रजायेय इति इच्छा-ज्ञान-क्रियात्मिकाः शक्तयः ताभिर्योगे क्रमेण अर्थ-शव्दसृष्टि अङ्कुरछायावत् युगपद् भवतः । तादृशसिसृक्षारूपोपाधिविशिष्टः परमशिव एव केवल निष्प्रपञ्चचिदेकात्मा शिवपदवाच्यो परम्ब्रह्म वाच्यो वा भवति । स एव आदिमः तत्वः । परमशिवो जगत् कवलयन्नपि न सार्वात्मैन । अपि त्वंशेन संस्कारात्मना तत् स्थापयति । स एव संस्कारः ईश्वरः सिसृक्षायां सहकारीभूतः ।

2.   सा पूर्वोदिता सिसृक्षा स्वस्वरूपाभेदमयानहमित्येव पश्यती । प्रपञ्चवासनारूपा शक्तिरिति द्वितीयं तत्वम् । उक्तञ्च रत्नत्रयपरीक्षायाम् -

कर्त्तृत्वं तत्र धर्मी कलयति जगतां पञ्चसृष्ट्यादि कृत्ये ।

धर्मः पुंरूपमाद्यात् सकलजगदुपादानभावं विभर्ति ।

स्त्रीरूपं प्राप्य दिव्या भवति च महिषी स्वाश्रयस्यादिकर्तृः ।

प्रोक्तौ धर्मप्रभेदावपि निगमविदां धर्म्मिवद् ब्रह्मकोटी ।

3.   पूर्वोक्ततादृशजगतः अहन्तया यद्दर्शनं तदहमिति तादृशः स्पष्टवृत्तिमान् प्रवोधनात्मा सदाशिवपदवाच्यः तृतीयं तत्वम् ।

4.   इदं जगदिति केवलं भेदविषयिणी या वृत्तिः तद्वान् ईश्वरः पदवाच्यं तुरीयं तत्वम् । स्पष्टभेदप्रथान् भावान् स्वाभेदेनावभासयन् ईश्वरः प्रथित ।

5.   जगदहमेवेत्याकारिका या सदाशिवसम्बन्धिनी वृत्तिः परमार्थप्रथारूपा सा शुद्धविद्यापदवाच्या पञ्चमं तत्वम्।

एतानि पञ्च शिवतत्वानि व्याख्यातानि । अथ सप्त विद्यातत्वानि उच्यते ।

6.   इदं जगदित्याकारिका ईश्वरनिष्ठा भेदविषयिणी वृत्तिः मायापदवाच्या षष्ठं तत्त्वम्। उक्तञ्च परमानन्दतन्त्रे -

अखण्डरसमेतावदेतद् भेदननैपुणा ।

स्वतन्त्ररूपा त्वं देवी माया भैरववल्लभा ।

भेदनेन स्वरूपस्य गोपनात्तत्वरूपिणी ।

स्वरूपभेदनं हित्वा चैकावगमनोद्यता ।

अन्यत्रऽपि उक्तञ्च -

कारणानां गुणानां तु साम्यं प्रकृतिरुच्यते ।

तद्भिन्नः पुरुषः प्रोक्तः पूर्णः संक्षिप्तशक्तिकः ।

चिदानन्दस्तथैच्छा च ज्ञानं तद्वत् क्रियाऽपि च ।

परिपूर्णाश्शक्तयस्तु सङ्कोचात्तु कलादिका ।

अत्र सत्-चित्-आनन्द शव्दस्य सत् शव्दस्य व्याख्या छान्दोग्योपनिषदि – (8-3-5)

तानि ह वा एतानि त्रीण्यक्षराणि सतीयमिति तद्यत्सत्तदमृतमथ यत्ति तन्मर्त्यमथ यद्द्यं तेनोभे यच्छति ........। इच्छा-ज्ञान-क्रियात्मिका ते शक्तयः ।

7.   पूर्वोक्त शुद्धविद्यातिरोधानशक्तिमती तद्विरोधिनी अविद्या पदवाच्या सप्तमं तत्वम् । शिवस्य ज्ञानं सर्वज्ञता । बुद्धिः तत्प्रतिविम्वा घटादयः । तेषामेव वस्तुनां वोधतः । सर्वज्ञता सङ्कोचनात्तु विद्याख्या । सैव अविद्येति ।

8.   सर्वकर्तृत्वरूपा क्रियाशक्तिः सङ्कोचनात् कळाऽभवत् । जीवनिष्ठं सर्वकर्तृत्वं यत्किञ्चित् कर्तृत्वेन सङ्कुचितं तदेव कळापदवाच्यं अष्टमं तत्वम् ।काल

9.   इच्छा तु नित्यतृप्ताख्या । सैव सङ्कोचशालिनी क्वचिद्रञ्जनरूपिणी क्वचिदतृप्ता रागाख्या । क्वचिद् विषयेषु प्रीतिरूपिणीं सा अतृप्तिः रागः नवमं तत्वम् ।

10. चिच्छक्तीर्नित्यसत्ताख्या । जीवनिष्ठा या नित्यता तस्या आच्छादने सति सैव नित्यता अस्ति-जायते-वर्धते-विपरिणमते-अपक्षीयते-विनश्यतीति षड्भावयोगात् सङ्कुचिता कालपदवाच्या दशमं तत्वम् ।

11. आनन्दशक्तिः स्वातन्त्र्यं सार्वत्रिकमुदीरितम् । अन्यापेक्षणहेतोस्तु सङ्कोचान्नियतिः स्मृताः । परशिवजीवयोः अभेदात् यथा परशिवे सर्वस्वातन्त्रं तथा जीवेऽप्यस्ति । तस्य सर्वस्वातन्त्रस्य विधानं पूर्वोक्ताविद्ययाकृतं तदेव कारणान्तरापेक्षं तन्नियतिपदवाच्यं एकादशं तत्वम् ।

12. एतादृश नियति-काल-राग-कला-अविद्याश्रयो जीवः पुरुषः वा द्वादशं तत्वम् तत्वम् ।

SHOULD WE USE COMPLEX NUMBERS

The concept of complex numbers was introduced by Euler, when he tried to solve the equation x^2 + 1 = 0. But is there any physical system where this equation is fulfilled? The answer is no. If we rewrite the equation as x^2 = -1, still then it will not lead to mathematics or physics because squaring is done with not only the numbers, but also signs. Two negative signs square up to positive as per the mathematical rules. Then how can x^2 be equal to -1? Further if i denotes square root of -1, what about the equations x^2 + 2 = 0, x^2 + 3 = 0, x^2 + 5 = 0, x^2 + 7 = 0, etc.? Why do not we invent suitable terms to explain square roots of -2,-3,-5,-7, etc? In that case, the required symbols will be infinite and doing mathematics will be impossible. For this reason, complex numbers cannot be used in computer programming. Some people say complex numbers include real numbers and more. In that case, dream should be used instead of observation, because dream includes what we observe and more. May be for that reason modern scientists are including dream with observation to formulate theories based on extra-dimensions, strings, foams, chamelions, axions, gravitons, sparticles, bare mass, bare charge, dark matter, dark energy, expansion of the universe (even though it is not observed in less than galactic scales and we observe ), inflation, etc. But their dream costs humanity huge costs, which could otherwise have been enough to eradicate poverty from the world. Should dreams get primacy over real sufferings of the world?

LITERAL SOLUTION TO THE CHESS & KNIGHT PROBLEM.

There is a well known problem in mathematics called the Chess & Knight problem. Here the challenge is to place a knight in one corner of the chessboard and to cover all 64 squares with the knight, without landing on any square twice. The French Mathematician Euler found a solution to this problem. Since then, it is known as Euler’s chess and knight problem. In ancient India, the Tamil poet Shri Deshikan wrote 1000 verses in 

Sanskrit in praise of the wooden sandals of Lord Rama. The composition is known as Paadukaasahasram. In one of the chapters, the poet has used a style known as Chitrakaavyam or artistic poetry. In two of the shlokas in this chapter, he has solved the Chess & Knight problem 700 years before Euler.

The first stanza is:
स्थिरागसां सदाराध्या विहताकततामता । सत्पादुके सरासा मा रङ्गराजपदन्नय ।
The meaning of the above stanza is: O sacred sandals of the Brahman! You are always adored by those, who have committed unpardonable sins. You remove all that is sorrowful and unwanted. You create a musical sound. (Be pleased) and lead me to the feet of Lord Rangaraaja (Raama).

When this verse is read as per the movement of the knight on the chessboard, it gives the following shloka: स्थिता समयराजत्पागतरा मादके गवि । दुरंहसां सन्नतादा साध्यातापकरासरा ।

The meaning of the above stanza is: The sandals, which protect those who shine by their right attitude; whose place is in the center of the blissful eyes; which destroys the melancholy of the distressed; whose radiance brings peace to those who take refuse in them; which move every where; - may those golden and radiating sandals of the Brahman lead me to the feet of Lord Rangaraaja (Raama).

It must be remembered that finding a mathematical solution is much easier than giving a poetical solution.

SHOULD WE USE TENSORS? IS IT MATHEMATICAL?

Mathematics tells us how much a system changes when any or all of its parameters change. The changes are related to numbers. The change can be due to accumulation and/or reduction of numbers linearly (between similars) or non-linearly (between partly similars). Mathematics has another property: it can only be operated between similars: we cannot add 3 apples and 2 oranges, but can add them as fruits. Measurement is a comparison between similars, out of which one is called the unit. The object to be measured is scaled up or down to give the result of measurement in scalar quantities. For this reason, we can multiply a vector with a scalar, which only increases the magnitude, but leaves the direction unchanged. Here the scalar represents a higher force that is applied to increase the velocity. This principle in not violated in any operation and is universally valid. But tensor violates this principle. If we want to change both the magnitude and the direction of the force, It must be addition of a different force from a different angle. Then it should be treated as vector addition as per standard formula. Why should we use imported terminology of Tensor of Rank 0, 1, 2, 3, etc? Can anyone explain to me why scalars must not be called so and called Tensor of rank 0? Why Tensor of rank 1 have 3 components? If these are related to Cartesian coordinates, how do we define a Dyad, which is a Tensor of rank 2 with magnitude and two directions with 9 components? What are the two directions and the 9 components stand for? Similarly, for a Triad, which is a Tensor of rank 3, what are the 3 directions and 27 components stand for? What about Tensor of rank 4,5,...n? What they are called and what is their physical explanation? It has been used to brainwash billions of people for generations. Let us try to understand it: whether it is science or fiction based on a riddle?