the hydrogen bonds in the molecules is much lower than what was there in the individual molecular bonds of gaseous hydrogen and oxygen. So the end result is surplus energy - to the tune of 286 Kilo Joules per mole. Thus, the correct equation is: 2H2+ O2 → 2H2O + Energy. The equations simply do not add up. The → sign indicates the requirement of energy to be added to the reactants as a catalyst. Presence of catalysts lower the thermal barrier changing the variables. But it does not show up in the equation and is not mathematically derived - it must be physically measured. In nature, plants use chlorophyll and energy from the Sun to decompose water. The reaction produces diatomic oxygen. Hydrogen released from water is used for the formation of glucose (C6H12O6), which is 6(C+H2O). But the equations only shows: C6H12O6 + O2 = H2O + CO2.

 

Hydrogen is a nontoxic, nonmetallic, odorless, tasteless, colorless, and highly combustible diatomic gas. Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetallic element. It readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with almost all other elements, second only to fluorine. Water is attractive to polar molecules, has high-specific heat, high heat of vaporization, the lower density of ice, and high polarity. Hydrogen and oxygen are gases, but water is fluid at NTP. It brings down temperature. From the equation 2H2+ O2 → 2H2O, can we find these properties? No. Equations do not explain the difference in the properties of water from its constituents. It is true in all reactions. Thus, equations do not give complete information.

 

Wigner defined mathematics as “the science of skillful operations with concepts and rules invented just for this purpose”. This is too open-ended. What is skillful operation? What are the concepts and Rules? Who invented them? What is the purpose? Do all concepts and rules have to be mathematical only? Wigner says: “The great mathematician fully, almost ruthlessly, exploits the domain of permissible reasoning and skirts the impermissible”, but leaves out what is permissible and what is not; leaving scope for manipulation – create a problem through reductionism and then solve it through manipulation! Finally call it unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics and incompleteness theorem!

 

One reason for the incompleteness of equations is the nature of mathematics (गणितम्), which explains the accumulation and reduction of numbers linearly or non-linearly of confined or discrete objects (गणँ स॒ङ्ख्याने॑). Number is that which universally differentiates one from the others (भेदाभेद विभागोहि लोके सङ्ख्या निबन्धन). The differentiation is done step by step or unit by unit. This unit is one (एक इता संख्या । इता अनुगता सर्वत्र या संख्या सा एक), which is universally perceived similarly in all things. Even analog fields are quantized based on this principle.

 

Number (स॒ङ्ख्या) is a quality of objects by which we differentiate between similars. If there are no similars, it is 1. If there are similars, it is many, which can be 2, 3, 4,…..n, depending upon the sequential perception of ‘one’s in any base. Accumulation or reduction is possible only in specific quantized ways and not in an arbitrary manner (even fractions or decimals are quantized). Proof is the concept, whose effect remain invariant under laboratory conditions, which leads to validation of predictions (प्रमाणतोऽर्थप्रतिपत्तौ प्रवृत्तिसामर्थ्यादर्थवत् प्रमाणम्). Logic is the special proof necessary for knowing the unknown aspects of something generally known (तर्को न प्रमाणसंगृहीतो न प्रमाणान्तरं, प्रमाणानामनुग्राहकस्तत्त्वज्ञानाय कल्पते). Thus, the validity of a mathematical statement rests with its logical consistency.

 

Differentiation is related to perception by dissection (अवच्छेदः). Perception is taking note of the result of measurement (मानः व्यवहारः). Measurement is a process of comparison between similars based on previous data to identify similarity (चित्तसमुन्नतिरक्षुद्रता). Hence result of measurement is always a scalar quantity. Without the concept of units, it has no meaning. Concept is an intelligent process universally applicable to all subjects or objects by which, after detailed analysis, we arrive at a conclusion about the invariant nature of something (तत्त्वम् – तनोति सर्वमिदं - तनुँ श्रद्धोपकर॒णयोः तनुँ॑ विस्ता॒रे च). We have concept about something. The objects or subjects may differ, but their fundamental “concepts” in our memory or CPU remains same – only their detailed descriptions differ. This brings in the Observer, who must differentiate between the objects or subjects and determine which concept is applicable in a given context. Concepts are expressed in a language.

 

Language is the transposition of some information/command on the mind/CPU of another person/operating system (भाषा – स्वहृदयस्थो भावो यया परहृदये समुन्नीयते). Mathematics tells us how much a system changes in the right hand side, when the parameters of the left hand side change. This information is universal and invariant in cognition. To that extent, mathematics is a language of physics. But it does not describe what, why, when, where, or how about the parameters or the system. It gives partial information. Generalizing such partial information misleads. Thus, it cannot be the only language of Nature. There is physics beyond mathematics. There is no equation for the observer. Yet, the observer has an important role in physics. No equation can describe the smile on the lips of the beloved. It is not the same as curvature of the lips. Detaching physics from equations is misleading interpretation in quantum physics - it is not weird.

 

The technological advancements in various sectors has led to data-driven discoveries in the belief that if enough data (तत्थ्यम्) is gathered, one can achieve a “God’s eye view”. Data is valid in the specific context (तथा साधु) and is not synonymous with knowledge (ज्ञानम्). Knowledge is the concepts stored in memory based on previous sensory experience (स्मृतिपूर्वानुभूतार्थविषयं ज्ञानमुच्यते). By combining lots of data, we generate something big and different, but unless we have knowledge about the physical mixing procedure to generate the desired effect, it may create the Frankenstein’s monster - a tale of unintended consequences. Already physics is struggling with misguided concepts like extra-dimensions, gravitons, strings, Axions, bare mass, bare charge, etc. that are yet to be discovered. If we re-envision classical and quantum observations as macroscopic overlap of quantum effects, we may solve most problems.

 

Scientists blindly accepts rigid, linear ideas about the nature of space, time, dimension, etc. These theories provide conceptual convenience and attractive simplicity for pattern analysis, but at the cost of ignoring equally-plausible alternative interpretations of observed phenomena that could possibly have explained the universe better. And sometimes they misguide! Space and time are related to everything in the universe in the same way (अमूर्तः) – they are intervals between objects and events (कालात् क्रियाबिभज्यन्ते आकाशात् सर्वमूर्तयः) and are the universal base for everything – thus analog and infinite (आधारशक्तिप्रथमा सर्वसंयोगिनां मता) – the more you measure, still it is there. Everything we see is related to limited objects and events (मूर्तः) and discreet (अवच्छिन्न). Hence they can’t be unified except as container-contained (आधाराधेयभावः). Just like we can’t do mathematics with apples and oranges, we can’t do mathematics with space/time and other objects. We can only measure the intervals between objects or events – points in space and time, and do mathematics with them.

 

Dimensions is the interface (प्रचय) between the internal structural space and the external relational space (परिमाण) of an object depicted by the necessary parameters (संख्या). In visual perception, where the medium is electromagnetic radiation, we need three mutually perpendicular dimensions corresponding to the electric field, the magnetic field and their direction of motion. Measurement shows the relationship of dimension with numbers in a universalized manner. In the case of number, it is one or the totality of ‘one’s. But dimension is not the same as measurement of length or breadth or height – it is the constant in all three – spread (विस्तारस्य यथैवार्थ आयामेन प्रकाशित । तथारोहसमुच्छ्रायौ पर्यायवाचिनौ मतौ).

 

Both space and time arise from our concepts of sequence and interval. When objects are arranged in an ordered sequence, the interval between them is called space. The same concept involving events is called time. We describe objects only with specific markers. Since intervals have no markers, they cannot be described. Thus, we use alternative symbolism to define space and time by using the limiting conditions, i.e., by the limiting objects and events. Space is described as the interval between limiting objects and time as the interval between limiting events.

 

A vector in physics is a quantity having direction as well as magnitude, especially as determining the position of one point in space relative to another. Movements are related to shifting mass. Even a wave, which passes on momentum, involves mass, as momentum itself is mass x velocity. All movements occur in space in some direction. There is no space, which is empty. Vector addition and multiplications are related to use of different forces to move mass in different directions in the same space. Intervals are not described by their mass. Then how does vector space differ from ordinary space?

 

Linear algebra deals with linear equations. When plotted, a linear equation gives rise to a line. Most of linear algebra takes place in the so-called vector spaces. It takes place over structures called field, which is a set (often denoted F) which has two binary operations +F (addition) and ·F (multiplication) defined on it. Thus, for any a, b ∈ F, a +F b and a ·F b are elements of F. They must satisfy certain rules. A nonempty subset W of a vector space V that is closed under addition and scalar multiplication (and therefore contains the 0-vector of V) is called a linear subspace of V, or simply a subspace of V, when the ambient space is unambiguously a vector space. This is not mathematics, but politics, where problems multiply by division. What does it physically mean?

 

Some people use the term ‘quantity of dimension one’ to reflect the convention in which the symbolic representation of the dimension for such quantities (like linear strain, friction factor, refractive index, mass fraction, Mach number, Reynolds number, degeneracy in quantum mechanics, number of turns in a coil, number of molecules, etc.) is the symbol 1. But they cannot define the ‘quantity of dimension one’ and how it is determined to be a dimension. Dimension is not a scalar quantity and a number has no physical meaning unless it is associated with some discrete object. Moreover, two lengths cannot be added or subtracted if they are perpendicular to each other, even though both have length.

 

WHAT IS NOT A DIMENSION?

 

Some say: we can specify the time and place of an event in the universe by using three Cartesian coordinates for space and another number for time. This makes space-time four-dimensional. It shows that we can specify time using a number. An object remain invariant under mutual transformation of the dimensions: like rotating length to breadth or height, even though the measured value of the new axes change. Time does not fulfill these criteria. Further, we can change our directions in space, but not in time. We can measure both sides of our position in space and remember the result of measurement. But we cannot remember future. Hence time is not a dimension, though it is intricately linked to space due to the following reason.

 

Earlier, we have defined number as a universal quality of all substances by which we differentiate between similars. Zero is that which is not present at here-now, but is present elsewhere. Elsewhere we have proved mathematically that division of a number by zero is not infinity, but it leaves the number unchanged. Infinity is like one – without similars, with one exception. While the dimensions of one are discrete – hence clearly perceived, the dimensions of infinity are analog and not clearly perceived. Space, time, coordinates and Consciousness are the only infinities. We use their digital segments like buckets of water from ocean. Infinities do not interact as interaction involves change of position, which is possible only in discrete objects. Infinities can coexist. Thus, space and time coexist to appear as spacetime.

 

Some hold that the dimension of a physical quantity is defined as the power to which the fundamental quantities are raised to express the physical quantity. Suppose there is a geometric shape with some associated quantity and we scale up the lengths of all sides of the shape by 2. If the associated quantity scales 2d, then d is the dimension. For example, take a plane polygon on a graph. If we double its side-lengths, we multiply it by 22 – change in area. For a polyhedron, doubling the sides gives a factor of 23 - change in volume. But these changes have other known geometrical properties also. When we take higher values like 4 or n, can these values be derived like length, area or volume for dimensions 1, 2, and 3 respectively? There is no higher dimension with similarly increasing geometrical properties. Why should we presume higher dimensions?

 

Can luminous intensity be a dimension? No, because dimension is a fixed quality that depicts invariant extent in a given direction, but intensity is neither invariant nor has a direction. It is uniform within its spread area. Is the mass or the amount of substance a dimension? No, because mass is defined as a dimensionless quantity representing the amount of matter in a particle. Can an effectively ‘dimensionless dimension of one’ be defined such that it is derived as a ratio of dimensions of the same type: as in deriving angle? No, because the statement is self-contradictory.

 

Can the measurement change the phenomenon, body, or substance under study in such a way that the quantity actually measured differs from the measurand: like the potential difference between the terminals of a battery may decrease when using a voltmeter with a significant internal conductance to perform the measurement? No; it is a difference of intensity – not dimension. For the same reason, thermal temperature is not a dimension. The open-circuit potential difference can be calculated from the internal resistances of the battery and the voltmeter. Further, this definition differs from that in VIM, 2nd Edition, Item 2.6, and some other vocabularies, that define the measurand as the quantity subject to measurement. The description of a measurand requires specification of the state of the phenomenon, body, or substance under study. In chemistry, the measurand can be a biological activity.

 

Do the number of dimensions we see is limited by our senses that define our perceptions? Are sight, sound, taste, smell, and touch the only senses an organism can have? Yes; they replicate the fundamental forces of Nature. Eyes use only electromagnetic radiation (उपयाम). Sound travels between bodies separated only by a medium – like gravitational interaction (उद्याम). Smell replicates strong interaction (अन्तर्याम). Taste replicates beta decay component of weak interaction (वहिर्याम). Touch replicates the rest of weak interaction – like alpha decay (यातयाम).

 

Some say birds have another sense – they can perceive and navigate by the Earth’s magnetic fields. This is not a different sense, but one aspect of touch (स्पर्श). Others say: certain animals, like the mantis shrimp, see different colors than we do. These are capacity to see different wavelengths (रूप) and not a different sense. Could there be dimensions that no organism, terrestrial or otherwise, could perceive (अतीन्द्रिय)? Whether it is an issue of size (अणुपरिमाण) or our limited senses (सङ्कुचितशक्ति), could extra-dimensions be reason for science to turn to mathematics as a means of advanced exploration? No. Speculation is not science.

 

Some say: dimension of a physical quantity is the index of each of the fundamental quantity (Length, mass, time,) which express that quantity. The dimension of mass, length and time are represented as [M], [L] and [T] respectively. For example, the dimension of speed can be derived as: Speed= distance/time = length/time = L/T = L.T-1.

 

In the above expression, there is no mention of mass, current or temperature because they do not play any role in defining this quantity. Or the dimension of mass, current, luminous intensity, temperature in this expression is zero. This is the brute force approach. A system consists of several necessary parameters. By arbitrarily reducing these parameters to zero, the system no longer remains as it is. Thus, it is a wrong description.

 

According to the principle of homogeneity of dimensional equations, the dimensions of fundamental quantities on LHS of an equation must be equal to the dimensions of the fundamental quantities on the RHS of that equation. The famous equation e = mc2 fails this test. Let us consider three quantities A, B and C such that C = A + B. According to this principle, the dimensions of C are equal to the dimensions of A and B. For example: we can write the dimensional first equation of kinematics:  v = u + at as: [M0 L T-1] = [M0 L T-1] + [M0 L T-1] X [M0 L0 T] = [M0 L T-1].

 

Apart from the fact that mass and time are not dimensions as shown above (also being variables or emergent properties), the equation does not give information about the dimensional constant common to all parameters like mass, length and time. If a quantity depends on more than three factors having dimension, the formula cannot be derived. From the above equation, we cannot derive the formulae containing trigonometric function, exponential functions, logarithmic function, etc. The exact form of relation cannot be developed when there are more than one part in any relation. It gives no information whether a physical quantity is scalar or vector.

 

Others say: high-dimensional abstract spaces (independent of the physical space we live in) like parameter spaces or configuration spaces such as in Lagrangian or Hamiltonian mechanics exist. This implies that position coordinates are not the only dimensions. For example, if a system consisting of homogenous ideal gas particles following the postulates of Kinetic Theory of Gases contained in an ideal confinement, the Pressure P; Volume V; Temperature T; and amount of gas i.e. no. of moles n, are the only required dimensions to state all the properties of that system. These are mere words. What is the proof in support of this argument? Has these spaces been discovered?

 

Some say: dimension is basically a number needed to specify something. For example the surface of a sheet of paper is two-dimensional because we can specify a point on the sheet of paper using the Cartesian coordinate system. But a graph is not the same as the real object it represents. The paper itself is three dimensional with varying thickness. We use one of its surfaces for plotting the graph. The real object that the graph represents has three dimensions. The graph gives only partial information. Further, what we “see” is the radiation emitted by a body – not the body proper. What we touch is the body proper and not the radiation emitted by it. Thus, both give incomplete information, which needs to be mixed to get a complete picture. For this reason, we have two eyes.

 

Dimension is not a sequence of addresses existing at different address locations along the street at different years. A fixed physical address and time does uniquely identify a specific house, but that is an arbitrary nomenclature – not a universal rule to qualify as dimension.

 

THE 10 DIMENSIONS.

 

Dimension is an existential description. Change in dimension changes the existential description of the body irrespective of time and space. It never remains the same thereafter. Since everything is in a state of motion with reference to everything else at different rates of displacement, these displacements could not be put into any universal equation. Any motion of a body can be described only with reference to another body. Poincare and other have shown that even three body equations cannot be solved precisely. Our everyday experience shows that the motion of a body with reference to other bodies can measure different distances over the same time interval and same distance over different time intervals. Hence any standard equation for motion including time variables for all bodies or a class of bodies is totally absurd.

 

Dimension is generally understood as the number of independent coordinates needed to specify any point in a given space. For describing the size of an object, we use three numbers: length, breadth and elevation. For describing any position on Earth, we use three numbers: longitude, latitude and elevation, which also express the same information for a spherical structure. Photon and other radiation that travel at uniform velocity, are massless or without a fixed background structure – hence, strictly, are not “bodies”.

 

The three or six dimensions (including their negative directions from the origin) are not absolute terms, but are related to the order of placement of the object in the coordinate system of the field in which the object is placed. Since:

1. dimension of an object (वयुन) is related to the spread of the object, i.e., the relationship between its “confined structural inner space” and its “outer space” through which it is related to others (प्रचय संयोग),

2. the outer space (वयोनाध) is infinite,

3. the outer space does not affect inner space without breaking the dimension (वय),

 

The three or six dimensions remain invariant under mutual transformation of the axes (पर्यायवाची). If we rotate the object so that x-axis changes to the y-axis or z-axis, there is no effect on the structure (spread - विस्तार) of the object, i.e. the relative positions between different points on the body and their relationship to the space external to it remain invariant.

 

Based on the positive and negative directions (spreading out from or contracting towards) the origin, these describe six unique functions of position, i.e. (x,0,0), (-x,0,0), (0,y,0), (0,-y,0), (0,0,z), (0,0,-z), that remain invariant under mutual transformation. Besides these, there are four more unique positions, namely (x, y), (-x, y), (-x, -y) and (x, -y) where x = y for any value of x and y, which also remain invariant under mutual transformation. These are the ten dimensions and not the so-called “mathematical structures”. Since time does not fit in this description, it is not a dimension.

 

Our ancients named these 10 dimensions as: 1) Maahendree (माहेन्द्री), 2) Vaishwaanaree (वैश्वानरी), 3) Yaamyaa (याम्या), 4) Nairhtee (नैऋती), 5) Vaarunee (वारुणी), 6) Vaayavee (वायवी), 7) Kouveree (कौवेरी), 8) Aishaani (ऐशानी), 9) Braahmee (ब्राह्मी) and 10) Naagee (नागी). The nomenclature indicates their confining character (संस्त्यान).

 

MODERN SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION NEEDS CHANGE.

 

Modern scientific education discourages application of mind (inquisitiveness) and encourages superstition. All scientific papers or text books are replete with unwanted superlative terms for past scientists and their “established theories”, even after latest research raised questions on their validity. Mostly, it is guided by fiction, calling it imagination. The students are over-burdened with unwanted extra material in the guise of history of science, to lead them through a blind alley. Whenever they have doubts, they are told that now you will not understand it. But rest assured, it has been proved and you will read about them in higher classes. By the time they pass out, they have become robots – blindly following what they have been taught – and not looking beyond that. One example is extra-dimensions, which idea came from a fiction, but has never been found out even after more than a century.

 

One satirical and religious allegory named Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions; was written by Edwin Abbott in 1884, demonstrating the absurdity of those unwilling to admit their own ignorance, even when they scoff at the ignorance of others. Narrated by a Square, Flatland is the fantasy about life in a two-dimensional world, where all existence is limited to length and breadth and its inhabitants unable even to imagine a third dimension - height. Everything becomes topsy-turvy when a three-dimensional sphere enters their world.

 

As usual, Einstein didn’t define a dimension precisely, but described time as the fourth dimension, taking it as another aspect of objects. This is wrong, because the three dimensions are inseparable, like the electric field, the magnetic field and their direction of motion are inseparable. If any of the factors are missing, it becomes meaningless. It has been shown earlier that time is not a dimension. Since both space and time are infinite and coexist, there was not much problem when Einstein used the term four dimensional space-time continuum. However, questions were being raised about Relativity.

 

The mass-energy equivalence equation E = mc^2 was developed by Poincare in 1900 AD, 5 years before Einstein. The solution relating to the perihelion of Mercury, was settled by Gerber without using GR. Einstein had stolen his ideas, which was challenged by Gerber and Einstein had to flee. He was desperately looking for some way out. Then, based on the fiction Flatlands, Kaluza and Klein came up with the idea that while the fields of the Standard Model are confined to a four-dimensional membrane, gravity propagates in several additional spatial dimensions that are large compared to the Planck scale. Einstein grabbed the idea and since then all scientists to date are chasing this fantasy with additional imagination.

 

Some talk about Many-Worlds Quantum Theory with 26 dimensions, which are the degrees of freedom. Others talk about 11 dimensions, because conditions become unstable and particles naturally collapse back down into 10 or 11 dimensions. The 12th dimension, for example, introduces a second time. While strings can only vibrate in 10 dimensions, membranes can exist at 11 dimensions. A 12-Dimensional Space is a space in which each point requires a duodecuplet of numbers to describe its position. This makes it a hyper-realm. Some talk about 64 Dimension, which comes from 8 other dimension: Time, Graviton, Energy, Speed, Field, Temperature, Mass, Density. A 100 dimensional simplex (triangle) has 101 pointy corners and 101 faces (as a 99D simplex), becoming more like a cube. The angle between edges starts off at 60 degrees in 2D, but gets closer to 90 degrees in very high-D. The volume is more evened out than the 100-cube, but still concentrated in the corners. These are colossal waste of time, effort and public money. But by this, scientists enjoy at public expenses.

 

There is a saying, if you want to impress a fool, twist the facts out of context so much that he will not understand anything and accept you a great personality (मूर्खं छन्दोनुवृत्तेन), which makes others dwarfs in his presence. But when you find a wise man, impress him by being truthful (सत्येन पण्डितः). Modern scientists use such garbage to impress the general public by fooling them. But the fact that no one comes up with the truth - like telling the King is naked - shows that there is no wise men among modern scientists.

 

Another example of fictionalization is time travel. General relativity predicts the existence of time loops or time travel – where an event can be both in the past and future of itself. This turns the study of dynamics on its head – like in the grandfather paradox. A man goes into past to kill his grandfather, so that his father would not be born. In that case, wherefrom he came? Such fictionalization is possible and thousands of “peer reviewed” research papers are published because no one looks at the root: What is the nature of time?

 

Space has two segments: in between objects (अन्तरिक्षम् – अन्तरा क्षान्तं भवति) and the universal field where we observe everything (आकाशम्). It is all pervasive. But time is cyclic – with different frequencies (कालास्सम्वत्सरग्गं श्रिताः) and flows like a river (नदीव प्रभवात्काचित्) never to return (सोरुस्सती न निवर्तते) repeating the cycles (एवन्नानासमुत्थानाः). Objects evolve in time in six steps (षडध्वाकालः) uniformly for everything in the universe. These are: 1) from being as cause (जायते), to 2) becoming as effect (अस्ति), to 3) growth due to accumulation of similar others (बर्द्धते), to 4) transformation due to accumulation of harmonious others (विपरिणमते), to 5) transmutation due to the opposite effect (अपक्षीयते), to final disintegration and dissolution in the cause to reappear in a different combination (विनश्यति). Though parts of the constituent atoms reappear in a different combination, the “same” combination is never repeated. An old person never goes back to youth or infancy, but might be born as a new child elsewhere. We do not know.

 

Everyday experience says a field is static and forces move objects in the field in time. Einstein turned this concept on its head to impute curvature as a property of spacetime in the presence of mass. It is as if the players in a football are standing still. Their presence makes the field take the ball to different places, which appears to us as the football game. The field also makes the players to appear as playing. Mind you, the field acts only with the ball – nothing else – even if another ball is placed in the corner, the field will not touch it. If you enter the field, it will not touch you. The branch below the apple will not be affected by the curvature. Only the apple will appear to fall, though actually, it is stationary.

 

A fundamental mathematical principle is that you can do mathematics only with similar objects (सामान्यमेकत्वकरं विशेषस्तु पृथक्त्वकृत् । तुल्यार्थता हि सामान्यं विशेषस्तु विपर्ययः). You can add apples only with apples (सर्वदा सर्वभावानां सामान्यं बृद्धिकारणम्). You can add apples and oranges only as fruits. But if the total can be differentiated, they can be reduced (ह्रासहेतु विशेषश्च प्रवृत्तिरुभयस्य तु). You can separate apples and oranges.

 

All objects are discreet (मूर्त्तः), because they are related to only a few other objects (मूर्तिरसर्वगतद्रव्यपरिमाणम्). All actions take place with objects (तदनुविधायिनी च क्रिया), because action involves displacement from its position and moving to a position not occupied by it earlier (सा चाकाशादिषु नास्ति). Same is with events. Both space and time are related equally to all objects and events (अमूर्त्तः) in the same way. Hence they belong to different classes and no mathematics is possible with objects and space-time (तस्मान्न तेषां क्रियासम्बन्धोऽस्तीति). The position of objects is not “space”, but “in space”. Similarly, all events are not time, but they happen “in time”. Both space and time are infinite. Infinities are like one – without similars – with a difference. Whereas the dimensions of one are fully discernible (परिच्छिन्न), the dimensions of infinity are not discernible (अपरिच्छिन्न). We perceive discreet objects due to continued similar perception about itself (अनुवृत्तिप्रत्ययः) and difference from others (व्यावृत्तिप्रत्ययः). There is no difference in perception of different objects other than this (परमार्थे तु नैकत्वं पृथक्त्वाद्भिन्नलक्षणम्). Where similarity is beyond doubt, there can be no difference (यत् पृथक्त्वमसन्दिग्धं तदेकत्वान्नभिद्यते). Similarly, where difference is beyond doubt, similarity can’t exist (यदेकत्वमसन्दिग्धं तत्पृथक्त्वान्न भिद्यते). In the case of infinity, we can’t find similar others. Hence no mathematics is possible with infinity. But they coexist being Rhtam (bosons). Hence, we use the term space-time (देशकाल).

 

ACTION THEORY:

 

Since the idea of modern entanglement is basically the relation between twins, while they are moving apart, it is necessary to examine the mechanism of their separation – Action Theory.

 

The modern view of action states that if a body A exerts a force on another body B, it experiences a reaction of equal intensity, which is directed in the opposite direction. For example: if you throw a ball at a wall, it bounces back; if you jump up, you are pulled down; if you paddle the cycle, you experience a counter force; if you shoot a gun, it recoils, etc. But these are different actions and reactions. A ball recoiling and falling after a jump are due to different reasons. Paddling reaction is different from these. Throwing a ball and recoil of a gun from a barrel with limited degrees of freedom are not same. However, all these involve force and action-reaction. Only if the action is symmetric, the reaction will be symmetric. Instead of a ball, if you throw a rubber rod of the same mass towards a wall, the result will be different.

 

In theoretical physics, action is an abstract quantity that describes the overall motion of a physical system. Motion, in physics, may be described from at least two points of view: the close-up view and the panoramic view. The close-up view involves an instant-by-instant charting of the behavior of an object. The panoramic view reveals not only a complete picture of the behavior of an object, but also all the possible routes of development connecting an initial state with a final state. From the panoramic view, each route between the two situations is characterized by a specific numerical quantity called its action. Action is also thought of as twice the average kinetic energy of the system multiplied by the time interval between the initial and final position under study or, again, as the average momentum of the system multiplied by the length of the path between the initial and final position. These are questionable.

 

The principle of least action or the stationary-action principle is a said to be a variational principle. When applied to the action of a mechanical system, it yields the equations of motion for that system. The equations of motion are applicable, if the acceleration of the body is uniform and the object travels along a straight line, restricting the scope. Acceleration due to gravity is a misnomer. Free fall is due to the mass penetrating the less dense medium. If you push a stone horizontally from a roof top, it falls because it loses the base that held it in place and the air is not dense enough to provide it a base. It has nothing to do with gravity.

 

An action force is a force that is applied to an object. A reaction force is a consequence of an action force which is opposite in direction. Newton's third law of motion deals with these two forces, which are known as action and reaction forces. The main difference between Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics is that Lagrangian mechanics describe the difference between kinetic and potential energies, whereas Hamiltonian mechanics describe the sum of kinetic and potential energies. But really they do not make any difference to the initial force used. Energy stored is potential energy, which is not involved in action. Energy released is kinetic energy, which only is involved in action. Hence I doubt if they have any real use other than advertising two names.

 

For example, Lagrangian mechanics is used for geometrical optics and to write down numbers like mass, energy, or momentum squared which are invariant under a change in coordinates. This can be done even without these. Hamiltonian mechanics is used to describe systems such as a bouncing ball, a pendulum or an oscillating spring in which energy changes from kinetic to potential and back again over time, its strength is shown in more complex dynamic systems, such as planetary orbits in celestial mechanics. For the bouncing ball, the bouncing is a reaction to the initial force applied and has nothing to do with potential energy. This phenomenon has been described by Kanada, thousands of years ago. The planetary orbits are calculated correctly since millennium by using texts like Surya Siddhanta. It is still giving correct results without using Hamiltonian mechanics.

 

The value of the action for any motion between two configurations is always limited within a minimum or a maximum. In most instances, the behavior of the system follows the path of minimum or least resistance. In an optical system, such as a microscope, light travels along the path of least resistance as it undergoes bending in the lenses. For light, action is said to be proportional to the time of travel, so that the light travels the path that takes the least time. It is a totally wrong description. Light travels in straight lines till it meets resistance.

 

According to Kanada, action (क्रिया) is that which independently causes objects to couple or decouple with others or other positions (संयोगविभागेषु कारणमनपेक्ष). It is caused due to application of force by a conscious agent (प्रयत्न), mass (गुरुत्त्व), fluidity (द्रवत्त्व) or coupling with other objects (संयोग). 

 

Every object has some inherent characteristics. These characteristics are acquired characteristics based on the characteristics of the constituent fundamental particles that go into their production, either directly or through intermediate stages (गुणभूतैरवयवैः समूहः क्रमजन्मनाम्). These particles cannot be described differently from these characteristics. In fact these particles can only be described by these characteristics. Thus, all objects interact with others based on their mutual inherent characteristics, which is known variously as the potential energy or internal energy. The basic interactions in the creation are pulsation, i.e., dispersion from a central point and accumulation around another central point. These are inseparable complements, which follow the law of conservation. However, while they are symmetric in totality, they are asymmetric in the interim. Such asymmetric interactions are neither random nor simultaneous. They follow a sequence. When such sequence satisfies the necessary conditions for perception, the individual interactions are related in our cognition by giving it a name (बुद्ध्या प्रकल्पिताभेदः क्रियेति व्यपदिश्यते). The name given for such sequential differential pulsations from any direction (परिस्पन्दस्वभावाः क्रिया) is action (क्रिया).

 

The internal energy of the body has to be more than the external energy to retain the structure of the body. If another body or another force acts on a body, as long as the internal force is not exceeded in magnitude, the body remains unaffected. But when the total external energy matches the total internal energy or exceeds it, then action starts in that body. This action can be of three types depending upon the nature of the external force. If it carries three dimensional particles, the body physically moves. If it carries two dimensional charges, then the internal energy of the body reacts and the resultant extra energy may be released in the opposite direction due to the spinning effect creating an absorption-release pattern, which appears like a wave. If it carries one dimensional charge, then there is no apparent movement, but the energy passes through it. Each action is momentary (the duration of a moment may vary) and follows the following sequence: -

• Action (क्रिया) starts due to some cause (described in subsequent pages).

• This leads to decoupling of the particle in which action starts from the space occupied by it or from other substances (क्रियात् विभागः).

• Such decoupling leads to cessation of its previous coupling with the space occupied by it or from other substances (विभागात् पूर्वसंयोगः नाशः).

• This leads to coupling with the adjacent space (ततो उत्तरसंयोगः).

 

An action ends with coupling with the adjacent space in any direction (कीर्य नाशयति कर्म). The above sequence is treated as one universal characteristic of action and anything that satisfies the above condition is described as an action. What is seen, as continuous actions is not one action, but are a series of actions. After the initial action is started by a cause, the cause ceases to exist as the force is transferred to the particle, which absorbs it. Then it is converted as the effect (such as inertia), which starts a further action in the substance involved in action.

 

The effects of action are divided into four categories as follows:

• उत्पाद्य – creation – generation of a body similar in property with the earlier body.

• आप्य – consolidation - simple assimilation, without any change in property.

• संस्कार्य–transformation due to addition leading to change in property.

• विकार्य- transmutation due to reduction of some parts leading to change in property.

Any event leading to the above effects is called an action.

 

There are 13 characteristics of any action as follows:

• It is always related to the four classes of effects associated with action as has been explained above.

• It exists at any instant only in one substance. Since action is defined as the totality of sequential changes in the base, it cannot exist in more than one base.

• It is instantaneous and is destroyed in the next instant, though it may give rise to inertia. Interaction of energy is instantaneous and changes the arrangements of the particle instantaneously. The next change is a different action.

• It is always associated with substances that have specific dimensional structure. Changes can only be to structures to be perceptible.

• It does not have any other characteristics.

• It is created only because of mass, fluidity, contact with other substances, and efforts of a conscious being for applying energy. The first three are known as not-impelled (निरुपक्रम) and the last one known as impelled (सोपक्रम).

• It is destroyed by the coupling with the new position acquired by it. Since energy cannot travel without a medium, once the particle moves due to application of energy, it is cut off from the energy source. It may move due to inertia thereafter. Thus, the coupling with space beyond destroys the initial action.

• It can create coupling and decoupling with the space occupied by it independent of other factors.

• It can be non-inherent cause only. The constituent matter particles can only be the inherent cause or constitutional cause of any particle. Action, which is an effect of application of energy, can only be instrumental in such operation.

• It can create objects that have a relationship of inherence with the object in which the action starts and other objects. If the action is confined within one object, it will lead to the former and if it is not confined to one object, it would lead to the later.

• It does not create another action, though it may give rise to inertia.

• Each of the effects of action can be categorized based on the forces that initiated the action.

• It does work in specific directions only.

 

Thousands of years ago, the ancient Indian Scientist Prashastapada, in the Chapter on Motion of his book Padartha Dharma Samgraha, which is a commentary on the Kanada Sootram, had written, what is now known as the Newton’s Laws in a much more advanced form as follows:

 

“वेगो मूर्तिमत्सु पञ्चसु द्रव्येषु निमित्तविशेषापेक्षात् कर्मणो जायते नियतदिक्क्रियाप्रबन्धहेतुः स्पर्शवद्द्रव्यसंयोगविशेषविरोधी क्वचित् कारणगुणपूर्वक्रमेणोत्पद्यते” ।

It means as follows:

1) वेगः मूर्तिमत्सु पञ्चसु द्रव्येषु निमित्तविशेषात् कर्मणो जायते ।

Meaning: Change of motion in the five physical objects is due to the impressed force that changes its state of rest or uniform motion. These can be seen () or felt (). This is same as Newton’s first law of motion in a much advanced form as will be described below.

 

2) वेगः निमित्तापेक्षात् कर्मणो जायते नियतदिक क्रियाप्रबन्धहेतुः।

Meaning: Change of motion is proportional to the impressed force and is in the direction of the force.

This is same as Newton’s second law of motion.

 

3) वेगः संयोगविशेषविरोधी।

 Meaning: Action and reaction are equal and opposite.

This is same as Newton’s third law of motion, with a difference. Newton’s law is true only with spherical objects having mass distributed equally around one center of mass. If you use a ball, Newton’s law is true. But if you make a rubber cylinder or a triangle or hexagon of rubber with equal mass and test Newton’s law, it will fail. The reason is, force is applied to the body as a whole and it reacts as a whole. But the reaction is not equally distributed like in a ball. Hence, though the total reaction will be same, the effect will appear differently depending upon the distribution of the mass in the cylinder or a triangle or hexagon.

 

What are the five physical objects?

a) solids (पृथ्वी – प्रथति विस्तारयति – चरणसंचारयोग्य। अस्याः पृथिव्याः स्वयम्भूमण्डलात् क्षरस्य केन्द्रात् प्रथनम् प्रसारणम् विस्तारः समभवत्। तस्मात् अस्याः नाम पृथिवीति। निरुक्तम्),. This is well known.

b) fluids (जल – धीयते अनेनेति – तस्य भावः अथवा अप् – तद्यदब्रवीदाभिर्वा अहमिदं सर्वमाप्स्यामि यदिदं किञ्चेति तस्मादापा अभवंस्तदपामप्त्वम् – गोपथब्राह्मणम् – पूर्व 1-2). When we watch the river confluence, it is evident.

c) heat radiations (तेज – तेजयति तेज्यतेऽनेन वा). It is evident from the action chain inside the Sun.

d) (non-heat) motion like air (वायु – वातीति – वा गतिगन्धनयोः). This is also evident in cyclones, and

e) mind (मनः – मन्यते बुद्ध्यतेऽनेनेति). This the thought mechanism. Mind acts mechanically. Hence it is subject to inertia.

 

Inertia in solids is well known. But inertia between fluids is no less common. When two rivers combine, their forces increase that continues to remain even after they move away from the point of intersection. The dynamics inside the Sun are examples of inertia of radiation. Hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons are created with sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures, atmospheric instability, high humidity in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere, enough Coriolis force to develop a low pressure center, a pre-existing low level focus disturbance, and low vertical wind shear. These are examples of inertia of atmospheric air. Thought is the inertia of mind.